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《英语语法分解大全》AI 大纲

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全书视角AI 生成含原文摘录

本大纲由 AI 读书（阅读端智能大纲）生成，是全书结构与要点的机器梳理， 不等同于已亲读；其中第 4 层条目为书中原句摘录。章节可展开查看。

章节目录
作者简介

尹尚远简介

  • 毕业于韩国釜山大学，曾在国外知名外语学院进修。
  • 编写的《英语语法分解大全》在韩国各大外语类图书网站广受好评，并获得“韩国读者最喜爱的图书之一”的称号。
  • 随后他又编写了《英语阅读分解大全》一书，帮助了更多的英语学习爱好者。

张莎拉简介

  • “中小学英语学习成绩测试”说写能力考官，韩国EBS电视台英语教育频道节目策划人，美国安德鲁大学对外英语教学代表教师。
使用说明

诊断你的语法水平

  • 通过简单的题目诊断你的语法水平。
  • 掌握概念，熟悉每一讲的基本概念。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 开始正式学习，生动讲解英语语法，引人入胜。
  • 提高语法水平的处方，详细解答每一讲内容相对应的重点练习题。
Part 01 句子的五种类型

诊断你的语法水平

  • 依照例句，标出下列句子的成分并判断句子类型
    • She became a singer. [主语(She)，谓语(became)，宾语(a singer)]。
    • I gave John an apple. [主语(I)，谓语(gave)，间接宾语(John)，直接宾语(an apple)]。
    • He runs in the park. [主语(He)，谓语(runs)]。
    • She bought me some food. [主语(She)，谓语(bought)，间接宾语(me)，直接宾语(some food)]。
    • I found the book interesting. [主语(I)，谓语(found)，宾语(the book)，宾语补足语(interesting)]。
    • I like apples very much. [主语(I)，谓语(like)，宾语(apples)，状语(very much)]。
    • She made me angry. [主语(She)，谓语(made)，宾语(me)，宾语补足语(angry)]。
  • 选择恰当的单词
    • She looks (happy / happily). [happy]。
    • My father bought a book (to / for) me. [for]。
    • May I ask a favor (to / of) you? [of]。
    • My mom made me (clean / to clean / cleaning) my room. [clean]。
    • I saw her (dance / to dance / dancing). [dance / dancing]。

掌握五类句型的概念

  • 英语句子中有长有短，有简有繁，但其实最常用的就是五类基本类型
    • 英语句子中通常有下几种成分：作动作主人的主语；表示某人怎样或做某事的谓语；表示某事的宾语；补充说明主语或宾语的补语(在第二类句型中称为“表语”，第五类句型中称为“宾语补足语”)。
    • 主语、谓语、宾语、补语的出现顺序决定了句子的类型。
  • 名词就作“主宾补”，补语就是“名代形”
    • 主语是动作的主人，一般由名词(代词)充当。
    • 谓语表示“做……”的意思，只有动词可以作谓语。
    • 宾语是动作、行为的对象，必须要具体，所以名词(代词)可以作宾语。
    • 补语起补充说明的作用，除名词(代词)外，形容词也可以作补语。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 在使用英语时，谓语要紧跟在主语后
    • 英语与汉语的语序基本是一样的，都是谓语紧跟在主语后。
  • 动词是最重要的，只要掌握了动词的用法就打好了英语学习的基础
    • 划分句型的一大根据就是谓语动词。是be动词，还是实义动词？后面是否需要宾语？如果需要宾语，又需要几个宾语呢？我们就是根据这些问题来确定句型的。
第一类句型

第一类句型的结构

  • 第一类句型的结构是主语+谓语
    • 第一类句型只由主语和谓语构成，不需要宾语或补语。
  • 第一类句型只由主语和谓语构成，所以都是非常简短的句子。

第一类句型的谓语动词

  • 表示来、去、出发、到达等意义的往来动词可以作第一类句型的谓语
    • 例如：go, come, begin, start, leave, arrive, move...
  • 存在动词可以作第一类句型的谓语
    • 例如：exist, be (有……，存在……)...
  • 发生动词可以作第一类句型的谓语
    • 例如：happen, occur...

副词在第一类句型中的作用

  • 副词可以起到附加说明的修饰作用，让句子更加生动
    • 例如：I go (fast). 我走得(很快)。
    • 例如：I study (hard). 我(认真)学习。
    • 例如：My mom cooks (in the kitchen). 我妈妈(在厨房)做饭。
    • 例如：We talk (loudly). 我们(大声地)说。
  • 副词是句子中可有可无的修饰语，但是副词可以起到让句子更生动、更详细的作用
    • 需要知道的是副词所充当的修饰语并不是构成句子的基本要素，构成句子的基本要素是主语、谓语、宾语、补语。

第一类句型与修饰语

  • 修饰语是指起修饰作用的词句，包括形容词和副词
    • 修饰语除了包含简单形容词和副词之外，还包括介词短语及状语从句。
  • 即使第一类句型的前后加上修饰语，也依然是第一类句型的句子
    • 例如：Time flies (like an arrow). 时间(像火箭一样)飞逝。
    • 例如：Our school stands (on the hill). 我们学校座落(在小山坡上)。
第二类句型

第二类句型的构成

  • 第二类句型由主语+谓语+表语构成
    • 第一类句型由“主语+谓语”构成，但只有“主语+谓语”的句子不一定是完整的，还需要补充说明主语的状态、情况及身份等内容。
    • 如果动词后面加上补语，句子就完整了。像这种需要补语的句子就叫做第二类句型。

表语的定义及构成

  • 表语是补充说明主语的状态、情况及身份等内容的词句
    • 这些补充说明的词句就被称为补语，在第二类句型中它们也被称为表语。
  • 表语可由名词(代词)、形容词充当，副词、动词不可以作表语
    • She is beautiful. (√) She is beautifully. (×)。
    • You look happy. (√) You look happily. (×)。

第二类句型中的动词

  • be动词&become后面都需要接表语
    • 表示“是……”的意思时，如果没有表语，be动词就没有存在的意义了。
    • become可以表达 “成为……”的意思，所以后面也需要接表语。
  • 感官动词后面需要接表语，表语是形容词
    • 感官动词是表达看、听、闻(味道)、尝、触这些感觉的动词，这些动词都要表达“感觉怎么样”，所以后面必须要有表语。
  • seem和turn也需要接表语，表语是相应的内容
    • seem和turn表示“好像”“变得”的意思，后面必须接相应的内容进行补充说明。
第三类句型

第三类句型的构成及特点

  • 第三类句型由主语+谓语+宾语构成，动词后一定要接宾语
    • 名词和代词可以作宾语，所以在第三类句型的句子中，宾语的位置上通常为名词或代词。
  • 第三类句型的动词都是需要接宾语的动词，被称为及物动词
    • 第一类句型的动词不需要补语或宾语，其本身就可以传达出完整的意思，所以被称为不及物动词。

易混淆及物动词的辨析

  • 由于汉语和英语的语言差异，有很多及物动词容易被混淆
    • 例如，单词marry的意思就是“和……结婚”，已经包含了“和”的意思，所以不需要再用with了。
    • 与marry类似的易错单词，还有表示“与……相像”的resemble。
  • 不需要介词的典型动词有：marry, mention, enter, resemble, reach, await, discuss, attend
    • 将这8个动词翻译成汉语时，都会用到介词。但它们都是直接接宾语(名词)的动词，后而不再需要介词。

通过解题治疗语法

  • 找出错误并改正
    • 例如，Shrek married with Princess Fiona.这个句子看似正确，但其实是错误的。因为单词marry的意思就是“和……结婚”，已经包含了“和”的意思，所以不需要再用with了。Shrek married Princess Fiona.才是正确的表达。
  • 解答下列语法问题
    • 说出第二类句型、第三类句型的构成。
    • resemble with, marry with, discuss about, enter into, mention about这些表达为什么是错误的？
    • He looks happily. / This medicine tastes bitterly.这两个句子为什么是错误的？
第四类句型

第四类句型的定义及构成

  • 第四类句型由主语+谓语+宾语+宾语构成，其特点是有两个宾语
    • 意思是“某人给某人某物”。
  • 第四类句型 = 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
    • 可以记忆成因为人比事物重要，所以前面的宾语是人，后面的宾语是事物。

第四类句型的动词

  • 第四类句型中的动词可以表示“给……做……”的意思，我们把表示“给(为)某人做某事”的动词叫做授予动词
    • 典型的授予动词有：give 给(某人)(某物)，show 给(某人)看(某物)，bring 给(某人)带来(某物)，send 给(某人)送去(某物)，teach 教给(某人)(某事)。

第四类句型与第三类句型的转换

  • 如果把第四类句型中的间接宾语(人)变为修饰语，那么第四类句型就变成了第三类句型
    • 第四类句型变为第三类句型时，只需把表示人的间接宾语移到句尾，并在其前面加上to就可以了。
  • 第四类句型变为第三类句型时，需使用介词for的动词有：make 制作，制造，buy, build 购买，建造，cook, choose 做饭，选择，get 给，order 预定，leave 留下，find 寻找
    • 这些动词有一个特点，都表示“为了……做……”的意思，所以要用含有“为了”意思的for。
    • 第四类句型变为第三类句型时，动词ask的间接宾语前用of。

如何区分第四类句型和第三类句型

  • 第三类句型中有一个宾语，而第四类句型中有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)
    • 例如：I sent her a present last week. [第四类句型]；I sent a present to her last week. [第三类句型]。
第五类句型

第五类句型结构

  • 第五类句型的结构是主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
    • 第五类句型是在第三类句型(主语+谓语+宾语)中添加了补语。
  • 第五类句型中的补语不是补充说明主语的，而是补充说明宾语的状态
    • 第五类句型中的补语被称为宾语补足语。

第五类句型中的典型动词

  • make 把……制作成……(状态)。
  • keep让……保持……(某种状态)。
  • call把……叫做……
  • think认为……
  • find找……
  • believe相信……
  • elect把……选为……

第五类句型的应用

  • 通过造句来掌握第五类句型的概念
    • 你叫我天才。
    • 那个消息让史莱克很幸福。

通过解题治疗语法7

  • 选出下列句子中属于第五类句型的句子
    • ① I made her a doll.
    • ② They call him Snoopy.
    • ③ He sent her a long letter.
    • ④ He bought me some flowers.
    • ⑤ She gave a birthday present to him.
  • 正确答案是2。

通过解题治疗语法8

  • The audience found the drummer’s shouts fun.这个句子应该翻译成“观众们发现鼓手的呐喊很有趣。”。
  • 在第五类句型中，宾语和宾语补足语的位置上可能连续出现两个名词(me, a spy)，也可能出现名词和形容词(me, happy)。而当形容词作宾语补足语时，不能翻译成“……的”。
第五类句型中的感官动词和使役动词

感官动词

  • 感官动词是表示视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉的动词
    • 眼睛(看)—see, look at, watch, notice, observe。
    • 鼻子(闻)—smell。
    • 嘴巴(尝)—taste。
    • 耳朵(听)—hear, listen to。
    • 皮肤(触觉)—feel, perceive。
  • 感官动词作宾语补足语时，用动词原形或V-ing
    • V-ing表示感受到了现在正在进行的动作，而动词原形表示感受到了动作的全部过程。

使役动词

  • 使役动词表示“让做某事”或“指使做某事”
    • 典型的使役动词是make, have,let。
  • 使役动词作宾语补足语时，用动词原形
    • 与感官动词不同的是，使役动词的宾语补足语只能用动词原形，不能用V-ing。
    • 使役动词have与感官动词一样，当宾语和宾语补足语是主动、进行的关系时，宾语补足语可以用V-ing。

感官动词和使役动词作谓语时的宾语补足语

  • 宾语补足语补充说明宾语，当宾语是无法独立完成动作的事物时，宾语补足语要用含有被动意思的过去分词
    • 感官动词：I heard the music play. (×) I heard the music played. (√) 我听到被演奏出的音乐。
    • 使役动词：I had my hair perm. (×) I had my hair permed. (√) 我烫头发了。

get和help

  • get和help作使役动词时，宾语补足语用“to +动词原形”
    • 在宾语是事物，表示被动的含义时，使役动词get与典型的使役动词have,make, let的用法相同。
  • help作实义动词时，宾语补足语也可以用动词原形
    • 在第五类句型中使用的help有“骗子”的特征，有警察盘问的时候宾语补足语就用“to+动词原形”。没有遇到警察的时候，就把自己伪装成使役动词，宾语补足语用动词原形。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 选择恰当的答案
    • happily，这个句子中的动词不是looked，而是looked at，意思是“看”。常用于look at the picture(看照片)等搭配中。She looked at me.(她看我。)是由“主语+谓语+宾语”构成的完整的第三类句型。还可以在这个句子中加上副词。如果加上副词“幸福地”，就是She looked at me happily.(她幸福地看着我。)如果加上形容词happy，翻译出来则很奇怪。look是表示“看起来”的感官动词，但是look at是表示“看”的及物动词，这两个是不同的动词。
    • 2. to 3. for 4. of 5. happy，括号是宾语补足语的位置，副词不能作补语。
    • 6. drive，let为使役动词 7. do，had为使役动词 8. standing，saw为感官动词saw 9. sing，heard为感官动词。
    • 10. pulled，这个句子是使用了使役动词had的第五类句型，表示被动(她的蛀牙被拔了。)。
  • 找出下列句子的错误，并改正
    • This meat smells badly. → badly → bad，补语是名代形。
    • I married with Richard last year. → married with → married。
    • I resemble with my mother. → resemble with → resemble。
    • My father bought a computer to me. → to → for。
    • May I ask a few questions to you? → to .→ of。
    • His room was too dirty, so I made him to clean it. → to clean → clean。
    • I saw him waited for a bus. → waited → wait / waiting。
    • They give his a book. → his → him，宾语要用人称代词的宾格形式。
    • Please teach a song of us. → of → to。
    • He sends a letter for you. → for → to。
  • 下列句子属于哪种句型？
    • There are four lions in the zoo. → 第一类句型。
    • Last year I went to the sea with my friends. → 第一类句型 (Last year) I went (to the sea)(with my friends)。
    • The earth moves around the sun. → 第一类句型 The earth moves (around the sun)。
    • He teaches English to us at school. → 第三类句型。
    • I would like to play tennis this afternoon. → 第五类句型。
  • 读下列问题，选择正确答案
    • 选出与所给句子意思相同的句子。这道题考查的是第三类句型和第四类句型的互换。第四类句型的结构是“主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”。所以答案是③。
    • 选出语法错误的句子。④中bought有授予的含义，所以应该用for。Dad bought a bike for me.(爸爸给我买了一辆自行车。)。
    • 选出语序正确的一项。看到句子的排列问题，首先要想到主语和谓语是紧连在一起的。主语是My sister，谓语是sent，宾语是me和a letter，应该是第四类句型。所以答案是①。
    • 选出可以同时填入下列两个句子的单词。两个句子都是由“主语+谓语+宾语”构成的第三类句型，made和bought是有授予含义的动词。所以答案是⑤。
    • 根据汉语意思和动词的首字母完成填空。seems。seem是表示“好像”的第二类句型的动词。
    • 选出不能替换画线单词的选项。health(名词)→ healthy(形容词)。感官动词后只能用形容词作补语，所以答案是③。
    • 选出下列空格中可以用to的一项。除⑤外，句子里的动词都是感官动词和使役动词。感官动词和使役动词的补语要用动词原形，不能用to。所以答案是⑤。(⑤中的to是下一讲将要学习的动词不定式。)。
Part 02 动词不定式

动词不定式的概念和用法

  • 动词不定式是在动词前加上to变为不定式，起名词、形容词或副词的作用。
  • 动词不定式的用法不是固定的，可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用
    • 有时起名词的作用，在句子中作主宾补。
    • 有时起形容词的作用，修饰名词。
    • 有时起副词的作用，修饰形副动句。

动词不定式的形容词性用法

  • 动词不定式to drink修饰前面的名词water，表示“要喝的水”
    • 在这个句子中，加上to的动词drink就不再是谓语了，它修饰名词water，起形容词的作用。

动词不定式的名词性用法

  • 动词不定式to drink可以表示“喝的东西”
    • 在这个句子中，to drink起名词的作用，这就是动词不定式的名词性用法。

动词不定式的副词性用法

  • to drink water说明目的，起副词的作用
    • “我停下工作去喝水。”的英语是I stopped the work to drink water.。
    • to drink water是“为了喝水”的意思，用来说明停下工作的目的，而句子的主要内容是停止工作，所以这是可以省略的修饰语。
动词不定式的用法

动词不定式的名词性用法

  • 动词不定式可以在句子中作主语
    • 例如：To study is my hobby.
  • 动词不定式可以在句子中作宾语
    • 例如：I like to study English.
  • 动词不定式可以在句子中作补语
    • 例如：My hobby is to study.

动词不定式的形容词性用法

  • 动词不定式可以在句子中修饰名词
    • 例如：I have homework to finish.
    • 例如：I want something to drink.
    • 例如：I have no food to eat.
    • 例如：I have something to do.
    • 例如：I have no house to live in.
    • 例如：I don’t have a pen to write with.
    • 例如：I need a chair to sit on.

动词不定式的副词性用法

  • 动词不定式可以修饰形容词
    • 例如：This book is difficult to read.
    • 例如：It’s easy to understand.
  • 动词不定式可以修饰副词
    • 例如：He is too young to go to school.
    • 例如：He is old enough to go to school.
  • 动词不定式可以修饰动词
    • 例如：I wake up early to catch the first train.
  • 动词不定式可以修饰句子
    • 例如：I stopped to take a rest for a while.
    • 例如：She grew up to be a supermodel.
    • 例如：This soup is good to eat.
    • 例如：My dream is to travel the world.
动词不定式的否定

动词不定式的否定形式

  • 动词不定式的否定形式，是直接在动词不定式前加not
    • I want to drink. (√)。
    • I don’t want it. 我不想要那个。
    • I told him nottogo out at night. 我告诉他晚上不要出去。
    • Be careful nottocatch a cold. 小心别感冒了。

动词不定式的名词性用法

  • 动词不定式的名词性用法，作宾语
    • He told me not to worry about that. 他告诉我不要担心那个。
    • I want not to eat. 我不想吃东西。
    • She promised not to be late. 她答应不迟到了。

动词不定式的形容词性用法

  • 动词不定式的形容词性用法最容易判断，因为形容词修饰名词
    • water todrink, something toeat→ 形容词性用法(√)。
    • want to drink water, glad to meet you → 形容词性用法(×)。

动词不定式的副词性用法

  • 表示情感上的原因、理由、目的、判断依据、手段等全都是副词性用法
    • I am happy tomeet you. 表示情感上的原因。
    • She is sad togo there. 表示情感上的原因。
    • We studied hard topass the final exam. 表示目的。
    • I awake tofind myself famous. 表示结果。

快速区分动词不定式的用法

  • 看到to后，首先要判断是“to+名词”还是“to+动词”
    • “to+名词”是由“介词+名词”构成的修饰语。
    • “to+动词”是动词不定式。
  • 动词不定式的形容词性用法最容易判断，因为形容词修饰名词
    • 如果动词不定式前有名词，而且它用来修饰名词，就是形容词性用法。
  • 名词在句子中作主宾补，所以如果动词不定式在句子中作主宾补，那就是名词性用法。
  • 排除了形容词性用法和名词性用法后，就剩下副词性用法了。

通过解题治疗语法4

  • 选出恰当的动词变为动词不定式填空
    • I hope a scientist.
    • My wish is New York.
    • I want you soon.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 翻译句子，并说明动词不定式的用法
    • 我想成为科学家。
    • 我的愿望是去纽约旅行。
    • 我想要马上见到你。
  • 先看看题目中给出的句子，然后从选项中找出动词不定式的副词性用法
    • We went to a store to help him. 我们为了帮他去了商店。
    • I want something to drink. 动词不定式修饰前面的名词something，所以是形容词性用法。
    • I enjoyed blind date to make a girl friend. “为了交女朋友”是动词不定式的副词性用法(表示目的)。
    • To read a newspaper is very useful. “读报纸”是主语，只有名词可以作主语，所以是动词不定式的名词性用法。
    • Jim started to run fast. “吉姆开始……”后面要接宾语，所以是动词不定式的名词性用法。
    • She loves to play with dolls. “她喜欢……”后面要接宾语，所以是动词不定式的名词性用法。

通过解题治疗语法5

  • 选出与所给句子中画线部分用法相同的一项
    • We went to a store to help him.
    • I want something to drink.
    • I enjoyed blind date to make a girl friend.
    • To read a newspaper is very useful.
    • Jim started to run fast.
    • She loves to play with dolls.

通过解题治疗语法6

  • 选出与所给句子中画线部分用法相同的选项
    • She is happy to help others. 她因帮助别人而快乐。
    • He lived to be ninety. 他活到了90岁。(表示结果的副词性用法)。
    • I ran hard to win the race. 他为了赢得比赛而努力奔跑。(表示目的的副词性用法)。
    • He must be sad to hear the news. 听到那个消息他肯定很伤心。(表示判断依据的副词性用法)。
    • She was shocked to see the fight. 她看到打架，受到了打击。(表示情感上的原因的副词性用法)。
    • You will be surprised to get the result. 拿到结果会让你震惊。(表示情感上的原因的副词性用法)。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 写出下列画线的动词不定式在句子中的用法
    • To do exercise is good for one’s health. 名词性用法(作主语)。
    • We go to school to learn many things. 副词性用法(表示目的)。
    • I have a lot of homework to do. 形容词性用法。
    • His goal is to become a scientist. 名词性用法(作表语)。
    • I am sorry to hear that. 副词性用法(表示理由)。
    • He has a few friends to play with. 形容词性用法。
    • My hope is to go to England. 名词性用法(作表语)。
    • He must be foolish to believe such a thing. 副词性用法(表示判断依据)。
    • He grew up to be a great doctor. 副词性用法(表示结果)。
    • He wants to leave here tomorrow. 名词性用法(作宾语)。
    • Please give me something to eat. 形容词性用法。
    • To take a picture here is forbidden. 名词性用法(作主语)。
    • I began to think so. 名词性用法(作宾语)。
    • Joy started to cry. 名词性用法(作宾语)。
    • The jury found him to be guilty. 名词性用法(作宾语补足语)。
  • 根据汉语意思，排列括号里的单词
    • He has some money (a book, to, buy)。to buy a book。
    • They are looking for (a place, stay in, to)。a place to stay in。
    • He found (to, something, eat)。something to eat。
    • We have a house (live in, to)。to live in。
    • I always get up early (miss, not, to, the bus)。not to miss the bus。
    • People are waiting (the phone, use, to)。to use the phone。
  • 选择恰当的单词
    • She is tall (too / enough) to reach the top shelf. enough。
    • His room is (too / enough) small for us to go in. too。
  • 解答下列问题
    • 选出可以同时填入下列两个句子的单词。⑤。
    • 选择恰当的一项完成对话。④。
  • 选出与所给句子的画线部分用法相同的一项
    • I went to the library to read books. ②。
  • 翻译下列句子，并说明动词不定式的用法
    • To solve the math question is difficult. 名词性用法，作主语。
    • She likes to play with a pet. 名词性用法，作宾语。
    • There are many places to visit in Korea. 动词不定式修饰名词places，形容词性用法。
    • Please give me a chair to sit on. 动词不定式修饰名词a chair，形容词性用法。
    • I went to the park to play with a ball. to the park是表示场所的介词短语，不是动词不定式。to play with a ball是动词不定式，表示目的，副词性用法。
    • The boy grew up to be a tennis player. 表示结果的副词性用法。
    • Your grandparents came to see you. 表示目的的副词性用法。
    • I’m happy to hear the news. 表示情感上的原因的副词性用法。
Part 03 动名词

诊断你的语法水平

  • 翻译下列句子，注意画线部分的翻译
    • Studying makes me sleepy.
    • Having good friends is important.
    • My hobby is walking in the park after school.
    • It was very funny. I couldn’t stop laughing.
    • I can’t sleep without finishing my homework.
  • 将括号中所给动词变为恰当的形态
    • I’ll finish (take) a shower soon.
    • Do you enjoy (visit) other countries?

掌握动名词的概念

  • 动名词是动词后面加上-ing，起名词作用的词
    • run 跑(动词)running 跑(动名词)。
    • study 学习(动词) studying 学习(动名词)。
  • 动名词只有名词的作用，可以在句子中做主宾补
    • 动词不定式的名词性用法和动名词都是把动词变为名词性质，所以都可以作主宾补，并且可以互换。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 动词不定式是在动词原形前加上to，而动名词是在动词原形后加上-ing
    • 名词在句子中作主宾补，同样，动名词也可以在句子中作主宾补。
动名词的作用

动名词作主语

  • 动名词可以作主语，与动词不定式的名词性用法一样
    • Learning English is difficult. = To learn English is difficult.
    • Swimming is very interesting. = To swim is very interesting.
    • Jogging is good for your health. = To jog is good for your health.
  • 形式主语it，动名词和动词不定式作真正主语
    • It is difficult learning English.= It is difficult to learn English.
    • It is good reading a book. = It is good to read a book.

动名词作宾语

  • 动词变为动名词作宾语
    • I like reading a book. = I like to read a book.
    • I love sleeping. = I love to sleep.

动名词作补语

  • 动词变为动名词作补语
    • My hobby is collecting stamps. = My hobby is to collect stamps.
    • My dream is being a doctor. = My dream is to be a doctor.

动名词作介词的宾语

  • 介词后接动词要变为动名词
    • I am interested in going there.
  • 介词的宾语由动名词构成
    • At in the park.
    • To in the future.
    • On in the morning.
    • From in the box.
    • With in the team.
逻辑主语

动词不定式充当逻辑主语

  • 动词不定式的逻辑主语是支配它的主体
    • I want to succeed. 中，I是逻辑主语，支配动词不定式(to succeed成功)。
    • I want her to succeed. 中，she是逻辑主语，支配动词不定式(to succeed成功)。
  • 动词不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同时，可以不单独写出来
    • I want you to succeed. 中，I是句子的主语，也是动词不定式(to succeed成功)的逻辑主语，所以不单独写出逻辑主语。
  • 以形式主语it开头的句子中，动词不定式的逻辑主语要用“for+宾格”或“of+宾格”表示
    • It is possible for him to marry her. 中，he是逻辑主语，用“for+宾格”表示。
    • It is kind for you to help the old lady. 中，you是逻辑主语，用“of+宾格”表示。

动名词的逻辑主语

  • 动名词的逻辑主语是支配它的主体
    • I enjoy watching TV. 中，I是逻辑主语，支配动名词watching。
    • I finished reading the book. 中，I是逻辑主语，支配动名词reading。
  • 动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同时，不用再写出逻辑主语
    • I enjoy watching TV. 中，I是句子的主语，也是动名词watching的逻辑主语，所以不单独写出逻辑主语。
  • 以形式主语it开头的句子中，动词不定式的逻辑主语是“for+宾格”或“for+宾格”，而动名词的逻辑主语是直接用所有格形式或宾格形式
    • It is no use predicting the weather. 中，it是形式主语，动名词predicting的逻辑主语是it，用所有格形式。
    • I am sure of his passing the exam. 中，I是句子的主语，动名词passing的逻辑主语是he，用所有格形式。
  • 动名词的逻辑主语是事物时，不能用所有格形式，只能用宾格形式
    • There is little chance of the train being late. 中，the train是逻辑主语，用宾格形式。
    • He is proud of his school having a beautiful garden. 中，his school是逻辑主语，用宾格形式。
第三类句型的宾语形态

第三类句型的宾语形态

  • 第三类句型的结构是主语+谓语+宾语，宾语只能是名词(代词)
    • 在“我想要吃。”这个句子中，动词“吃”要作宾语就要变成名词。
  • 在需要宾语的第三类句型中，动词可以分为以下三种：只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词，只能用动名词作宾语的动词，可以用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词
    • 只能用动词不定式作宾语的常用动词有want(想要), wish(希望), hope(希望), expect(期待), promise(承诺), decide(决定)。
    • 只能用动名词作宾语的常用动词有mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape,stop。
    • 可以用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的常用动词有love, like, hate, begin, start,continue。

只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词

  • 这些动词都含有预期未来的意思，表示期待将来会发生的事情
    • 例如：I want to eat.

只能用动名词作宾语的动词

  • 这些动词都有“平时做……”“过去做……”的意思
    • 例如：I enjoy dancing.

可以用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词

  • 这些动词一般都是表示现在的状态
    • 例如：Tom likes dancing.

通过解题治疗语法5

  • 找出错误的句子，答案是③，应该把try改成trying
    • “Don’t give up try to do it.”应该改为“Don’t give up trying to do it.”。

通过解题治疗语法6

  • 将括号中所给动词变为恰当的形态
    • 第一题是taking，第二题是visiting。

通过解题治疗语法7

  • 从括号中选出正确答案
    • 1. I remember (to visit / visiting) the museum last year. 翻译 我记得去年去过博物馆。因为是过去的事情，所以答案是visiting。
    • 2. He stopped (to run / running) for a break. 翻译 他为了休息，停止了跑步。第二个翻译出来更自然，所以答案是running。
    • 3. Don’t forget (to send / sending) an e-mail to me tomorrow. 翻译 别忘了明天给我发邮件。因为是未来的事情，所以答案是tosend。
    • 4. She tried (to catch / catching) the bus. 翻译 她试着赶上公交车。因为是未来的事情，所以答案是tocatch。
    • 5. Please remember (to lock / locking) the door when you leave. 翻译 你离开时记得锁好门。因为是未来的事情，所以答案是tolock。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 从括号中选择正确答案
    • 1. I enjoy (to take / taking) a walk by myself. 治疗 taking。
    • 2. When did you stop (meeting / to meet) her? 治疗 meeting，过去的事情。
    • 3. I want (to go / going) abroad to study. 治疗 to go。
    • 4. Would you mind (to open / opening) the window? 治疗 opening。
    • 5. They visited the museum instead of (take / to take / taking) a rest. 治疗 taking, instead of V-ing(代替做某事)是习惯用法。
    • 6. I’m afraid of (to swim / swimming) in the sea. 治疗 swimming，be afraid of V-ing(害怕做某事)是习惯用法。
    • 7. I heard someone call my name, so I stopped (to look / looking) back. 治疗 to look，为了回头看。
  • 找出错误并改正
    • 1. He will stay here until he finishes to correct errors. 治疗 to correct → correcting。
    • 2. Did you forget to love me when you were young? 治疗 to love → loving，因为是过去，所以应该用动名词。
    • 3. I tried getting good scores on my test. 治疗 getting → to get。
    • 4. He was looking forward to see you soon. 治疗 see → seeing, looking forward to V-ing(期待做某事)。
    • 5. They decide staying here for a week. 治疗 staying → to stay。
    • 6. He gave up to smoke. 治疗 to smoke → smoking。
    • 7. I forgot buying some food before the market was closed. 治疗 buying → to buy。
    • 8. She tried moving the sofa into the living room but she couldn’t. 治疗 moving → to move。
    • 9. Speak English is not easy. 治疗 Speak → Speaking 或To speak。
  • 回答下列问题
    • 选出语法有错误的句子。答案①，to get应该改为getting。
    • 把所给句子中画线的run变成恰当的形态。动词practice也是用动名词(running)作宾语的动词。注意，频度副词usually要位于实义动词前。所以答案是③running。
    • 选出恰当的一组填空。答案⑤。How about 后(做……怎么样？)是介词about的宾语，所以用V-ing；wish要用动词不定式作宾语。
Part 04 分词

诊断你的语法水平

  • 将所给动词变成恰当的形态填空
    • He was surprised to hear the news.
    • “What a surprising news!” he shouted.
    • I was disappointed with the result of the test.
    • His play was so disappointing.
  • 将括号里的动词变为恰当的形态
    • The boy (read) a book is my brother.
    • This is the song (sing) by Beyonce.
    • I saw the man (wait) for the subway.
    • The languages (speak) in Canada are English and French.

掌握分词的概念

  • 分词就是在动词后加上-ing或-ed，起形容词的作用
    • 动词不定式就是在动词前加上to，起名词、形容词、副词作用。
    • 动名词就是在动词后加上-ing，起名词作用。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 动词的形态发生变化起形容词作用修饰名词时，就叫做分词
    • 形容词修饰名词，所以修饰名词的dancing, crying, breaking具有形容词性质。
    • 如果用动词原形修饰名词，听者或读者都会不明所以。因此动词也要改变成分词的形态，就像动词不定式在动词前加上to、动名词在动词原形后加上-ing一样，这样听者或读者就不会混淆了。
  • 分词可以分为两种
    • 动词不定式或动名词只有一种形态，但分词却有两种形态。
分词的种类

现在分词的定义和构成

  • 现在分词是动词变成表示主动、进行含义的形容词
    • 动词原本是作谓语的，但是变化形态后，可以作修饰名词的形容词。
  • 现在分词在句子中作形容词修饰名词
    • 为了修饰名词baby，动词sleep变成分词sleeping。
    • 女孩“现在主动地跳舞”，所以dancing叫做现在分词。

现在分词的使用和时态

  • 现在分词不仅可以用于现在时，也可以用于过去时和将来时
    • I see the dancing girl. 我看见那个跳舞的女孩。 现在时。
    • I saw the dancing girl. 我看见了那个跳舞的女孩。 过去时。
    • I willsee the dancing girl. 我将要见到那个跳舞的女孩。 将来时。
  • 看到“现在分词”时，一定要把重点放在主动、进行上。

过去分词的定义和构成

  • 过去分词是动词的变形，作形容词用，表示被动、完成意思
    • “打碎的”修饰“窗户”，所以动词break应该变成分词。但是被修饰的“窗户”不可能自己碎掉，所以应该用表示被动含义的过去分词(broken)。
  • 过去分词与have / had、be动词一起用，也可以决定时态，有完成、被动的意思
    • She haslived in this city since 1988. 她1988年起住在这个城市。
    • I hadread the novel twice when I was seven. 我7岁时已经读过两遍那本小说了。
    • My key wasstolen by somebody. 我的钥匙被人偷了。

过去分词的使用和时态

  • 过去分词具有形容词性质，不是动词，不能决定句子的时态
    • I been busy then. (×)。
    • I eaten pizza last night. (×)。
  • 看到过去分词时，要把重点放在“被动、完成”上。

分词的位置

  • 分词(现在分词、过去分词)修饰名词时，一般位于被修饰的名词前
    • waiting people, a crying baby, broken glasses, injured passengers。
  • 两个及以上的单词构成的分词短语，位于被修饰的名词后
    • The girl dancing on the stage is my sister.
    • Look at the airplane flying in the sky.
    • I have a novel written by O. Henry.
现在分词和动名词

现在分词和动名词的定义及区别

  • 动名词是把动词变成名词，起名词的作用，在句子中作主宾补。
  • 现在分词是把动词变成形容词，起修饰名词的作用。

现在分词和动名词的举例说明

  • waiting people是“等待的人们”的意思，waiting修饰people，是现在分词
    • waiting是表示主动和进行含义的现在分词。
  • a waiting room是“等待的房间”的意思，waiting是动名词
    • 只是让人们等待用的房间，即“等候室”的意思，所以waiting是动名词。
  • walking people是“正在行走的人”的意思，walking修饰people，是现在分词
    • walking是表示主动、进行的含义，修饰名词people的形容词，所以是现在分词。
  • walking sticks不能解释为“行走的手杖”，walking是动名词
    • 只是表示行走时起辅助作用的sticks，即“拐杖”，因此walking是动名词。
  • a sleeping baby是“睡觉的孩子”，sleeping修饰名词baby，是现在分词
    • sleeping是表示主动、进行的意思，所以是现在分词。
  • a sleeping bag不能理解成“睡觉的bag”，因此是动名词，意思是“睡袋”。
分词的作用

分词的作用

  • 分词的作用和形容词的作用是一样的，所以分词有修饰名词的作用。

修饰名词

  • 现在分词修饰名词时，一般放在所修饰的名词前，但当现在分词是由两个及以上单词构成的短语时，通常放在所修饰的名词后
    • Look at the sleeping baby.
    • I read an interesting book.
    • Look at the girl playing the piano.
  • 过去分词修饰名词时，一般放在所修饰的名词前，但当过去分词是由两个及以上的单词构成的短语时，放在所修饰的名词后
    • Look at the broken window.
    • I bought a used car.
    • I have a phone made in China.

作表语(第二类句型，主语+谓语+表语)

  • 现在分词和过去分词都可以作表语，起形容词作用
    • The baby is crying.
    • This book is boring.
    • She was surrounded by kids.
    • He is bored.

作宾语补足语(第五类句型，主语+谓语+宾语+宾补)

  • 现在分词或过去分词也可作宾语补足语，起形容词的作用
    • I saw her running.
    • I heard him singing.
    • I watched a boy crying.
    • I saw the door painted.
    • I heard my name called.
    • I watched the bike repaired.

通过解题治疗语法3

  • 将所给动词变成恰当的形态填空
    • He was surprised to hear the news.
    • “What a surprising news!” he shouted.
    • I was disappointed with the result of the test.
    • His play was so disappointing.
  • 将括号里的动词变为恰当的形态
    • The boy (read) a book is my brother.
    • This is the song (sing) by Beyonce.
    • I saw the man (wait) for the subway.
    • The languages (speak) in Canada are English and French.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 翻译听到那个消息，他很惊讶。
  • 翻译 他喊道：“这是多么令人惊讶的消息啊！”。
  • 翻译 我对考试结果很失望。
  • 翻译 他的剧本令人失望。
  • 翻译 正在读书的男孩是我哥哥。
  • 翻译 这是碧昂斯演唱的歌。
  • 翻译 我看到了等地铁的那个男人。
  • 翻译 在加拿大使用英语和法语。

通过解题治疗语法4

  • 将括号里所给的动词变成恰当的形态
    • I want to live in the house (make) of stone and wood.
    • The money (steal) by the thief was found in my friend’s bag.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • I want to meet the new minister appointing by the President.
    • I heard my name calling.
动词的三种变形

动词的三种变形及其作用

  • 动词不定式、动名词、分词分别具有名词、形容词、副词的作用
    • 动词不定式作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。
    • 动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
    • 分词作表语、定语、状语。

动词在英语中的重要性

  • 动词作谓语、决定句子类型和时态，以及变成多种形式起名词、形容词及副词的作用
    • 动词是构成句子的基本成分之一，通常决定句子的时态。
    • 动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等方面对句子结构产生影响。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 通过选择恰当的答案、将括号中所给的动词变为恰当的形态、找出错误并改正、选出下列句子中画线部分错误的一项等方式进行练习
    • 选择题、填空题和改错题，涵盖了动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等方面。

练习题目

  • 选择题、填空题和改错题，涵盖了动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等方面
    • 通过练习题检查自己的学习效果，巩固所学知识。
Part 05 名词性从句

诊断你的语法水平

  • 从括号中选出恰当的单词
    • It is certain (that / what) he told a lie.
    • (That / Whether) he agrees or not does not matter.
    • Men differ from brutes in (which / that) they can think and speak.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • Please tell me what is your name. → Please tell me what your name is.
    • No one seems to know when will Maria arrive. → No one seems to know when Maria will arrive.
    • I wonder why was Bob late for class. → I wonder why Bob was late for class.
    • I don’t know what does that word mean. → I don’t know what that word means.
    • I wonder does the teacher know the answer. → I wonder if / whether the teacher knows the answer.
  • 用恰当的单词填空
    • What he is saying is interesting.
    • I can’t remember how much it costs.
    • I don’t know who they are.
    • Tom asked whether I was hungry (or not).
    • Adam wanted to know whether I would come to class (or not).

掌握名词性从句的概念

  • 名词性从句是英语中的一种从句，可以充当主语、宾语、表语等成分
    • 单词 apple(名词), you(代词), eat(动词), beautiful(形容词),very(副词 )。
    • 短语 the big apple, a very beautiful girl, because of you。
    • 从句 because I love you, that I love you, who I will love forever。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 名词性从句分为名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句
    • 简单的名词有love, friendship, book, pencil等。
    • 中等长度的名词有“喜爱的东西、唱的歌、读的东西”等，这些可以用前面学过的动名词和动词不定式的名词性用法表示。
    • “我爱你的事、我爱你、我永远爱你”等含有主语(我)和谓语(爱)的名词性从句该怎么用英语表达呢？
that

在完整句子前加上that构成名词性从句

  • 在“主语+谓语+宾语”或“主语+谓语+表语”等完整句子前加that就可以构成名词性从句
    • I love you. 我爱你。→ that I love you 我爱你的事。
    • She is smart. 她很聪明。→ that she is smart 她聪明的事。
    • She is a teacher. 她是教师。→ that she is a teacher 她是教师的事。
  • 在缺少宾语或补语的不完整句子前加that是错误的
    • He is a. (×) →that he is a (×)　You love. (×) → that you love (×)。

名词性从句作主宾补

  • 名词性从句具有名词性质，所以也可以作主宾补
    • 主语That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true. 史莱克和菲奥娜公主结婚是真的。
    • 宾语 I know that Shrek married Princess Fiona. 我知道史莱克和菲奥娜公主结婚了。
    • 补语 The important thing is that Shrek married Princess Fiona. 重要的是史莱克和菲奥娜公主结婚了。

that引导的名词性从句作主语时的处理

  • that引导的名词性从句作主语时，很可能会像下面两个句子一样头重脚轻
    • That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true.
    • That she is a teacher is true.
  • 可以在句子开头开始使用形式主语it，然后把真正的主语放到后面
    • Tostudy English is fun. 动词不定式→ It is fun to study English.
    • Studying English is fun. 动名词→ It is fun studying English.
    • That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true. → It is true that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • I know (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona. → I know that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • The important thing is (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona. → The important thing is that Shrek married Princess Fiona.

省略引导名词性从句的that

  • that引导的名词性从句，除在句首作主语外，作宾语和补语时都可以省略that
    • That Shrek married Princess Fiona is true. → Shrek married Princess Fiona is true.
    • I know (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona. → I know Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • The important thing is (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona. → The important thing is Shrek married Princess Fiona.
  • 虽然that引导名词性从句作主语时，that不能省略，但是当使用形式主语it、把真正的主语放到后面时，that可以省略
    • That Shrek married princess Fiona is true. 不能省略。
    • It is true (that) Shrek married princess Fiona. 可以省略。
    • That he passed the test is a miracle. 不能省略。
    • It is a miracle (that) he passed the test. 可以省略。

通过解题治疗语法1

  • 指出画线部分不能省略的一项
    • I think that she is really nice.
    • I know that you are tall.
    • The problem is that I don’t have a key to my office.
    • That he will come to the party is certain.
    • We know that the world is round.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 翻译句子，并指出that引导的名词性从句在句子中作什么成分
    • 我觉得她真的很漂亮。
    • 我知道你个子高。
    • 问题在于我没有我办公室的钥匙。
    • 他确定会来参加晚会。
    • 我们知道地球是圆的。
  • 指出引导名词性从句的that的作用
    • I know that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 很显然史密斯无法参加我们的聚会。
    • 你肯定认为他们一些是著名歌手，一些是电影演员。
    • 问题是我没有钱。

通过解题治疗语法2

  • 翻译句子，并指出that引导的名词性从句在句子中作什么成分
    • That she can swim is certain.
    • I know that he can swim.
    • The problem is that he can’t go there.
    • I think that winter is a nice season.
    • It is certain that Tom didn’t say so.
    • John didn’t believe that I won the game.
    • The truth is that he didn’t solve it for himself.
    • That she is alive is not true.
    • I hope that there will be no car accidents.
    • The reason is that she lost her job.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 用形式主语it改写下列句子
    • That Jack is a good student is true.
    • That she will marry him is a rumor.
    • That she wants to go to the party is not true.
    • That she is not a teacher is not certain.
    • That he didn’t believe me made me sad.
  • 翻译下列句子
    • It is not true that she went to the party.
    • We know that our parents always love us.
  • 用恰当的词填空
    • It is certain__________she passed the test.
    • My teacher said__________the Earth is round.
    • She didn’t realize__________she made a mistake.
if / whether

“是否……”变成名词性从句的方法

  • 在完整句子前加上whether或if，就变成了表示“是否……”的名词性从句
    • 例如：主语Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona is important.史莱克是否和菲奥娜公主结婚非常重要。
    • 例如：宾语I wonder whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.我想要知道史莱克是不是和菲奥娜公主结婚了。
    • 例如：补语The important thing is whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.重要的是史莱克是不是和菲奥娜公主结婚了。

whether和if的区别

  • if和whether引导的名词性从句作宾语或补语时，没有差别，但是作句子的主语时就不同了
    • 例如：在if和whether引导的名词性从句中，if引导的名词性从句作主语时不能位于句首，只有whether引导的名词性从句可以作主语且位于句首。
    • 例如：为了更准确地传达意思，可以在whether引导的从句末加上or not。这样“是否……”的意思就更加明确了。
    • 例如：主语Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona or not is important.史莱克是否和菲奥娜公主结婚或者不结婚很重要。

if / whether引导的名词性从句作主语时的形式主语、真正主语

  • if引导的名词性从句不能作主语，但是使用形式主语it后，从句变成了真正主语放到了后面，就是正确的表达了
    • 例如：It is important whether Shrek married Princess Fiona(ornot).史莱克是否和菲奥娜公主结婚或者不结婚很重要。
    • 例如：It doesn’t matter if / =whether I am late, because the meeting often starts late.我是否迟到了并不重要，因为这个会议总是很晚才开始。
    • 例如：Does it matter if God exists?上帝是否存在很重要吗？这个句子变成陈述句是If God exists matters.上帝是否存在很重要。但是，陈述句If God exists matters.是错误的句子。因为if引导的名词性从句作主语时不能放在句首。

通过解题治疗语法5

  • 这个句子与I don’t know it.一样，都是由“主语+谓语+宾语”构成的第三类句型
    • 这是whether引导的从句作宾语的第三类句型。宾语为whether he will come or not，名词充当宾语，所以括号中的句子是句词性从句。

通过解题治疗语法6

  • 这个句子属于第四类句型，结构是“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”
    • 人比事物重要，所以先出现间接宾语人。
    • She made me a cake. 她给我做了一个蛋糕。
    • He bought me a bike. 他给我买了一辆自行车。
    • She asked me a question. 她问了我一个问题。
    • 我想住在酒店，还是想住在旅店。
    • 整个句子充当宾语，wherther引导的成份是可以作宾语的。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 翻译句子并填空
    • I wonder whether he will come back or not.我想知道他是否会回来。
    • Do you know if it will rain tomorrow?你知道明天是否下雨吗？
    • I wonder if / whether she will pass the test.我想知道她是否通过了考试。
  • 找出错误并改正
    • I wonder that she will go there or not tomorrow.将that改为whether。
    • If he will come or not is important to me.将if改为whether。
    • I don’t know that it’s cold outside or not.将that改为whether。
    • I found whether she was very smart.将whether改为that。
    • Everyone knows if she is diligent.将if改为that。
    • I learned if the sun is round.将if改为that。
间接疑问句

间接疑问句的定义和种类

  • 间接疑问句是间接提出疑问的句子，表达更委婉，更柔和。
  • 间接疑问句分为不含特殊疑问词的间接疑问句和含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句
    • 不含特殊疑问词的间接疑问句，如：你是否爱我？现在是否冷？你现在是否走？
    • 含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句，如：是谁？什么时候做？在哪儿做？做什么？怎么做？为什么做？

不含特殊疑问词的间接疑问句

  • 不含特殊疑问词的疑问句是whether / if引导的名词性从句
    • “你是否爱我？”“现在冷不冷？”“现在是否走？”就是我们前面刚学过的whether / if引导的名词性从句。

含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句

  • 含有特殊疑问词的间接疑问句就是含有特殊疑问词“谁”“什么时候”“在哪儿”“什么”“怎么样”“为什么”的间接疑问句
    • “你是谁”用英语怎么说呢？含有“你是谁”的间接疑问句用英语怎么说呢？Who are you？你是谁？What is it？那是什么？
  • 间接疑问句中的特殊疑问词从句的语序是“特殊疑问词+主语+谓语”
    • 含be动词的间接疑问句，主语和谓语的位置不变，语序依然是“主语+谓语”。
    • 含实义动词的间接疑问句，不添加助动词do, does, did，依然是原来的语顺“主语+谓语”。

间接疑问句的应用

  • 将下列句子改写成间接疑问句
    • Do you think? + How old is this palace? → Can you tell me how old this palace is?
    • Do you know? + How long did he live in London? → Do you know how long he lived in London?
    • Do you know? + When did James visit his grandmother? → Do you know when James visited his grandmother?
  • 选出画线部分不正确的一项
    • I don’t know where she lives. (√)。
    • Do you know where did he go? (×)。
    • Do you know who said so? (√)。
  • 通过解题治疗语法8
    • A. 从括号中选出恰当的单词。1. It is certain (that / what) he told a lie. → That 2. (That / Whether) he agrees or not does not matter. → Whether 3. Men differ from brutes in (which / that) they can think and speak. → that 4. B. 找出错误并改正。1. Please tell me what is your name. → Please tell me what your name is 2. No one seems to know when will Maria arrive. → No one seems to know when Maria will arrive 3. I wonder why was Bob late for class. → I wonder why Bob was late for class 4. I don’t know what does that word mean. → I don’t know what that word means 5. I wonder does the teacher know the answer. → I wonder if the teacher knows the answer 6. C. 用形式主语it改写句子。1. That she wants to go to the party is not true. → It is not true that she wants to go to the party 2. That she is not a princess is not certain. → It is not certain that she is not a princess 3. That he didn’t love me made me sad. → It made me sad that he didn’t love me 4. That he didn’t marry her was a rumor. → It was a rumor that he didn’t marry her 5. D. 仿照例子，改写句子。1. Please tell me. Where can I find the book? → Please tell me where I can find the book 2. Do you know? How many books does he have? → Do you know how many books he has 3. I asked her. What was the paper? → I asked her what the paper was 4. I want to know. How long will it take to get there by bus? → I want to know how long it will take to get there by bus 5. I know. When did she buy the shoes? → I know when she bought the shoes 6. F. 选择恰当的答案。1. From time to time, people ask __________ they can get a good grade. → ② whether 2. My teacher said __________ the mid-term exams start next week. → ④ that 3. 用下划线标出下列句子中的名词性从句，并选出它们的作用。1. What he does in his spare time is not obvious. (主语) 2. Sometimes Mr. Cosby used to forget where he put his keys. (宾语) 3. This is why all the plans have failed miserably in spite of their efforts.(补语) 4. The bear is looking into the jar to see if there is honey.(宾语)。
Part 06 定语从句和关系代词

诊断你的语法水平

  • 将两个句子合并成一个句子
    • I have an uncle. / He lives in Busan.
    • This is the watch. / It was made in Switzerland.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • She has a friend who father works at the bank.
    • This is the house in that she lives.
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • A pilot is a person (who / which) flies planes.
    • A barber is a person (who / which) cuts men’s hair.
    • Kiwis are birds (who / which) live in New Zealand.
    • A dictionary is a book (who / which) explains words.

掌握定语从句和关系代词的概念

  • 定语从句是包含主语和谓语、起修饰名词作用的句子
    • 例如：a friend who lives in Seoul 一个住在首尔的朋友。
  • 关系代词可以将多个句子合成一个句子
    • 例如：我去学校旁边的餐厅吃饭了，很好吃。
关系代词who

关系代词who的作用和用法

  • who既起到连接两个句子的连词作用，同时又起到代替he的代词作用
    • This is the man who helped me yesterday.
  • who引导的是修饰先行词the man的定语从句，“会讲英语的男孩”
    • This is the boy who can speak English.

主格关系代词

  • 代替主格关系代词(I, She, He)时，无论性别如何都用who
    • This is the girl who played the piano.
    • Do you know the girl who played the piano?

所有格关系代词

  • 省略的是人时，代替主格就用who，代替所有格就用whose
    • I have a friend whose name is Alice.
    • This is the boy whose father is a doctor.
    • I met a woman whose husband is an English teacher.

宾格关系代词

  • 宾格关系代词与主格和所有格关系代词不同，使用前需要仔细考虑
    • I love the girl whom I met yesterday.
  • 关系代词who有时作主格，有时作宾格
    • 如果who是主格关系代词，who后面不会有主语，而是直接接谓语。
    • 如果who是宾格关系代词，后面接“主语+谓语”。

如何区分关系代词的主格、宾格和所有格

  • 主格后有谓语，宾格后有“主语+谓语”，这是辨别的一大标准
    • 在句子The boy whose father is a teacher is my friend.中有“主语+谓语”，为什么用所有格关系代词呢？
    • 这个句子是由The boy is my friend.和His father is a teacher.构成的。
    • 要养成一个习惯，看到关系代词引导的句子就用括号标注起来，这样就能看到主句的主语和谓语了。

通过解题治疗语法

  • 将两个句子合并成一个句子
    • I have an uncle. / He lives in Busan.
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • A pilot is a person (who / which) flies planes.
    • A barber is a person (who / which) cuts men’s hair.
  • 将两个句子合成一个简洁的句子就需要用关系代词
    • I have an uncle who lives in Busan.
  • 两道题的答案都是代替主格代词he (a person)的who
    • 翻译 飞行员是驾驶飞机的人。
    • 翻译 理发师是给男人理发的人。
  • 如何区分关系代词的主格、宾格和所有格
    • 看到所有格时可以知道是whose，但是遇到某道题要求选出用法错误的关系代词时，该怎么辨别呢？
  • 不要死记硬背语法概念，其实弄清楚原理就很容易了
    • The boy whose father is a teacher is my friend.
  • 用关系代词将两个句子合成一个句子
    • This is the singer. / I wanted to see him.
    • The lady is my aunt. / You met her at the station.
  • 记住，用括号画出关系代词引导的从句，句子就会变简单，这样更容易理解
    • The lady (whom you met at the station) is my aunt.
  • 轻松翻译含有关系代词的定语从句的方法
    • 在读句子时判断是否含有关系代词。
    • 有先行词和关系代词，就可以判断出是定语从句。
    • 用括号画出先行词后面关系代词引导的定语从句。
    • 确定关系代词引导的定语从句是修饰先行词的。
    • 翻译的顺序是：主句的主语 → 定语从句 → 主句中的先行词 → 主句的谓语。
关系代词which

关系代词which的使用

  • 先行词是事物或动物时，用which代替who
    • This is the book which is very interesting. 这是一本非常有趣的书。
  • 先行词是事物或动物时，关系代词也分为主格、所有格和宾格
    • This is the letter which arrived yesterday. 这是昨天到的那封信。
    • I like the cat which has blue eyes. 我喜欢那只有蓝色眼睛的猫。

主格关系代词的使用

  • 先行词是人时，人称代词是主格形式就用who，先行词是事物或动物时，人称代词是主格形式就用which
    • This is the letter and it arrived yesterday. 这是昨天到的那封信。
    • I like the cat and it has blue eyes. 我喜欢那只有蓝色眼睛的猫。

所有格关系代词的使用

  • 事物或动物的所有格和人的所有格是一样的，都用whose
    • This is the table whose leg was broken yesterday. 这是昨天桌腿坏了的那张桌子。
    • I love the cat whose hair is black. 我喜欢那只毛是黑色的猫。
  • 先行词是事物时，也可以用of which代替whose
    • The leg of the table was broken yesterday.
    • The fish which I caught yesterday is still alive.

宾格关系代词的使用

  • 先行词是人时，宾格关系代词用whom；先行词是事物或动物时，宾格关系代词用which
    • This is the car which I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的小汽车。
    • I know the song which you like. 我知道你喜欢的那首歌。
  • 在使用宾格关系代词的句子中，为了让句子的意思更明确，定语从句最好紧跟着先行词
    • The letter (which he sent to me last week) made me cry. 他上周寄给我的那封信把我弄哭了。
    • The people (whom I saw at the movies) are his friends. 我在电影院看到的那些人是他的朋友。
省略关系代词的情况

省略宾格关系代词的情况

  • 只有不影响句子的意思、不会造成误会时才可以省略宾格关系代词
    • 主格关系代词和所有格关系代词直接代替句子的某个部分，所以不能省略。
  • 宾格关系代词可以省略
    • 假设这个句子省略了引导作宾语的名词性从句that，这就是错误的句子了。因为名词性从句中有两个主语(the man, you)，但是没有宾语，不是完整的句子，不能说是省略了引导名词性从句的that。
    • 但是，假设是省略了宾格关系代词whom，所以句子(you love)是缺少宾语的不完整句子，这不会影响沟通，因此宾格关系代词可以省略。

省略主格关系代词的情况

  • 在“主格关系代词+ be动词+分词”的结构中，可以整个省略“主格关系代词+ be动词”
    • “站着的”是现在分词，表示主动、进行的意思。
    • “写的”是过去分词，表示被动、完成的意思。

“关系代词+介词”和“介词+关系代词”

  • 关系代词一定要位于定语从句前，先行词后
    • This is the house in which I live. (√) 把最后的介词移到关系代词前。
  • 原本宾格关系代词可以省略，但是在关系代词前有介词时，即使是宾格关系代词，也不能省略
    • This is the desk on which I put my bag. (√) 介词移到前面就不能省略宾格关系代词。
    • This is the desk I put my bag on. (√) 介词留在后面时，可以省略宾格关系代词。

通过解题治疗语法9

  • 只有宾格关系代词可以省略
    • I bought a shirt (which looks nice). 主格关系代词，不能省略。
    • Look at the boy (who is crying over there). 主格关系代词，不能省略。
    • I saw the lady (whose hair is green). 所有格关系代词，不能省略。
    • I love the shirt (which I bought yesterday). 宾格关系代词，可以省略。
    • This is the house (in which I live). 虽然是宾格关系代词，但前面有介词，所以不能省略。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 关系代词引导修饰名词的定语从句，同时起连词作用和代词作用
    • 先行词是人用who, whose, whom，先行词是事物或动物用which, of which / whose。
  • 只有宾格关系代词可以省略，主格或所有格关系代词不能省略
    • 但是，宾格关系代词前有介词时，不能省略。
    • 在“主格关系代词+ be动词+分词”的结构中，可以将“主格关系代词+ be动词”作为整体省略。

通过解题治疗语法10

  • 填写恰当的单词将两个句子合成一个句子
    • The girl who plays the violin is my sister.
  • 选出画线部分不可以省略的一项
    • I gave a Christmas card which he sent me.
    • This is the library which I visited yesterday.
    • This is the baby of whom you must take care.
    • I know the man who is sleeping in the room.
    • She hoped that she would travel all around the world.
  • 填写恰当的介词和关系代词
    • She is a teacher __________ I gave the flowers.
  • 填写恰当的关系代词
    • He had a son __________ he loved very much.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 将下列两个句子合成一个句子
    • This is a policeman. / He helped me yesterday.
    • This is the handbag. / It was made in Italy.
    • I have a friend. / His mother speaks English.
    • Look at the mountain. / Its top is covered with snow.
    • This is the singer. / I wanted to see her.
    • This is the toy. / He plays with it.
  • 选择正确答案
    • She was not the lady (whom / whose) he wanted to marry.
    • The boy to (whom / whose) I talked lives here.
    • I know a Korean (who / whose) English is perfect.
  • 选择恰当的选项填空
    • She is the actress__________.
    • The woman answered the phone said you were out for a moment.
    • The changes __________ they have planned will soon be completed.
  • 回答下列问题
    • 选出下列句子中画线部分错误的一项。
    • 选出空格处不能填whose的一项。
    • 选出画线的关系代词不能省略的一项。
  • 找出画线部分错误的一项
    • I thanked the woman (whichhelped me to solve my problem.)。
    • The house (which Mr. Clay lives in it) is not very large.
关系代词that

关系代词that的概念和用法

  • that可以代替主格关系代词和宾格关系代词中的who和which
    • I have an uncle who lives in Busan. = I have an uncle that lives in Busan.
    • This is the watch which was made in Korea. = This is the watch that was made in Korea.
    • This is the singer whom I wanted to see. = This is the singer that I wanted to see.
    • This is the toy which he plays with. This is the toy that he plays with.
  • that不能作所有格关系代词
    • I have a friend whose mother speaks English. I have a friend that mother speaks English. (×)。
    • Look at the mountain whose top is covered with snow. Look at the mountain that top is covered with snow. (×)。
  • 在“介词+关系代词”结构中，不能用that代替关系代词
    • This is thehouse I live init. (×) This is the house I live in which. (×) This is the house in that I live. (×)。
    • This is thedesk I put my bag onit. (×) This is thedesk I put my bag on which. (×) This is thedeskwhich I put my bag on. (√) This is thedeskonwhich I put my bag. (√) This is thedeskonthat I put my bag. (×)。

只能用关系代词that的情况

  • 先行词是“人+事物”或“人+动物”时，只能用关系代词that
    • Look at the girl and her dogthat are running.
  • 先行词是“the +最高级”或“the +序数词”时，只能用关系代词that
    • She is the tallest girlthat I have ever seem.
    • Jane is the first girl that came to school.
  • 先行词中有all, every, some, any, no时，只能用关系代词that
    • Everyone that goes to church looks happy.
    • All that glitters is not gold.
  • 先行词中有the very, the same, the only时，只能用关系代词that
    • This is the very watchthat I lost yesterday.
    • This is the same watchthat I lost yesterday.
  • 先行词中有疑问代词who, which时，只能用关系代词that
    • Who that knows him will trust him?
    • Which of the movies that you watched this year is the best?

名词性从句that&关系代词that

  • 引导名词性从句的that和引导定语从句的that，它们的共同点是将两个句子合成一个句子
    • It is true that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • This is Shrek that married Princess Fiona.
  • 区分引导名词性从句的that和引导定语从句的that的方法
    • 如果含that的句子是完整的句子，那就是引导名词性从句的that。
    • that前有先行词，就是引导定语从句的that。

关系代词的一致

  • 先行词决定关系代词后的谓语动词是单数还是复数
    • Look at the girl who is dancing in the street.
    • Look at the many girls who are dancing in the street.
    • I know a girl who lives in L.A.
    • I know many girls who live in L.A.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 填写恰当的关系代词
    • The mother gives her children everything they want.
    • I’ve told you all I understand.
    • This is the toy with which I played.
    • He had a fine horse which ran very fast.
    • That is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.
    • This is the most exciting game I have ever seen.
    • Look at the boy and his dog that are crossing the road.
    • Who is the gentleman that is standing over there?
    • Jack is the first boy that solved this problem.
  • 下列画线部分可以省略的画√，不能省略的画×
    • This is the book which I bought yesterday.
    • This is the boy whom I met on the way.
    • She knows the boy who broke the window.
    • That is the house in which I was born.
    • The movie that I saw yesterday was interesting.
    • Jane saw a boy who was running in the park.
  • 根据句子意思选择恰当的动词
    • Jane is one of the few ladies who (is / are) wearing glasses.
    • Jane is the only one of the few ladies that (is / are) wearing glasses.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • She is the only one who comes here on time.
    • The house in that she lives is very big.
    • This is the house that he lived.
    • Have you ever spoken to the people whom live next door?
    • Mark the words that meaning you don’t know.
    • She loves cats that is black and white.
    • I have a student who always don’t do his homework.
    • I can’t find the book which I left it on the table.
    • She stayed in the hotel at that I work.
    • All the people that saw the accident was shocked.
    • He was the first who came to me.
    • Tom is the boy whom I want to play.
    • What she told me about the students were not true.
    • A scientist who he discovered a new planet has won the Nobel Prize.
    • He read some books that discusses the man who survived the war.
    • This is a picture of my friends with I went on vacation.
what代替“先行词+关系代词”

关系代词what代替“先行词+关系代词”

  • 关系代词引导定语从句，同时起连词和代词的作用
    • 关系代词前有先行词，先行词决定关系代词(who, which, that)。
  • “先行词+关系代词”= what
    • 同时起连词和代词作用的是关系代词(which)，可以同时代替先行词(the thing)和关系代词(which)的是what。
  • 包含先行词的what引导的从句是名词性从句，起名词的作用
    • what引导的从句在句子中起主宾补的作用。

通过解题治疗语法17

  • 判断出what引导的名词性从句在句子中作表语
    • This is what you want. 这是你想要的。
  • what引导的名词性从句就是宾语
    • You reap...是“你收割……”的意思，reap后要接宾语。what引导的名词性从句就是宾语。
  • what引导的是名词性从句，作宾语
    • I understand...是“我理解……”的意思，后面要接宾语。
  • do的宾语就是what引导的名词性从句
    • Do today...是“今天做……”的意思。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 填空题答案：1. that 2. that 3. What 4. what 5. that 6. what
    • The mother gives her children everything __________ they want.
    • I’ve told you all __________ I understand.
    • __________she said made me surprised.
    • Did you hear __________ they said?
    • He is the only boy __________ can solve the problem.
    • I know the thing that you did last summer.
  • 选出what用法不同的一项：②
    • 告诉我们该做什么。(what to do...意思是“该做什么”，有疑问的意思。所以what是疑问词)。
    • 这是我想说的。(可以表述为This is the thing which I want to say.没有疑问的意思，所以what是连接代词)。
    • 他给了那位老人什么东西？(是在提问，所以what是疑问词)。
    • 我问她在公园里做什么了。(有疑问的意思，所以what是疑问词)。
    • 我不知道她昨天买了什么。(这是间接疑问句，也有疑问的意思，所以what是疑问词)。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别

  • 限定性定语从句对主句有影响，造成主句语意不完整。
  • 非限定性定语从句对主句句意无影响。

限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的实例分析

  • 第一个例句为限定性定语从句，第二个为非限定定语从句
    • 第一个例句：He has two sons who became doctors.
    • 第二个例句：She has four daughters, who are teachers.
  • 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句在翻译时的差异
    • 限定性定语从句：She has a phone which doesn’t work.
    • 非限定性定语从句：She has a phone, which doesn’t work.

关系代词前有无逗号对句子意思的影响

  • 关系代词前无逗号，句子意思为“我爱那个不爱我的女孩。”。
  • 关系代词前有逗号，句子意思为“我不会穿衣服的，不穿衣服会把我和朋友们区别开。”。

关系代词that的替换情况

  • 关系代词that可以代替主格和宾格关系代词which或who。
  • “,关系代词”是非限定性定语从句的标志，可以用“连词+代词”代替，但不能用that代替
    • 所有格关系代词(whose, of which)不能用that代替。
    • “介词+宾格关系代词”中的关系代词不能用that代替。
    • “,关系代词”中的关系代词，不能用that代替。

关系代词的省略情况

  • 主格关系代词不能省略
    • 在“主格关系代词+ be +分词”构成中，可以整个省略掉“主格关系代词+be”。
  • 所有格关系代词不能省略
    • 省略后不清楚是谁所有，所以不能省略。
  • 宾格关系代词可以省略
    • 宾格关系代词后一定会出现主语和谓语，从前后文可以判断出宾语是什么，所以为避免重复，可以省略宾格关系代词。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 将由关系代词连接的句子分成两个句子
    • The girl (whom we met last week) will leave for America.
    • The lady (who is reading a book) is my aunt.
  • 根据汉语意思填空
    • He has a horse whose name is Grace.
    • Who, that is the woman standing over there?
    • Look at the building of which the roof is red.
  • 填写恰当的单词，使题目中的句子意思相同
    • This is the house which he was born in.
    • He loved Jane, who didn’t love him.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • Seoul, that is a dynamic city, has a population of twenty million.
    • This is a picture of my friends with I went on vacation.
    • I bought a computer, that is very good.
    • The girl whose eyes be brown is Ann.
  • 回答下列问题
    • 翻译句子：The girl whom we met last week will leave for America.
    • 选出下列画线部分不能省略的一项：① The man whom you met is my teacher. ② Look at the dog which is barking at us. ③ Do you know who is going to meet him? ④ I saw some girls who were playing there. ⑤ This is the book which she bought for me.
Part 07 定语从句和关系副词

诊断你的语法水平

  • 填写恰当的关系代词或关系副词
    • This is the house where my teacher lives.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • New York is a city which the UN members meet.
  • 选择恰当的单词
    • The place (where / which) I want to visit is beautiful.
    • The place (where / which) I want to go is beautiful.
  • 填空并翻译句子
    • She went to his house, where she couldn’t see him.
    • Wait till Monday, when he will come back.

掌握定语从句和关系副词的概念

  • 关系代词引导修饰先行词的定语从句，同时起连词和代词的作用。
  • 关系副词引导修饰先行词的定语从句，同时起连词和副词的作用。
关系副词的概念

关系副词的概念和产生

  • 关系副词引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词。
  • 关系副词可以通过“介词+关系代词”转换而来
    • “介词+关系代词(in which)”可以换成关系副词where。

关系副词与关系代词的区别

  • 关系代词在句子中代替名词，关系副词代替的是起修饰作用的副词
    • 关系代词在句子中代替名词，如果去掉关系代词就不是完整的句子。
    • 关系副词代替的是起修饰作用的副词，所以去掉关系副词，后面的句子依然是完整的。
  • 关系副词where起连接两个句子的连词作用，但它不是代替名词，而是代替副词
    • √ where起连接两个句子的连词作用，但它不是代替名词，而是代替副词there，所以，where是同时起连词和副词作用的关系副词。

that代替关系代词和关系副词

  • that可以代替主格和宾格关系代词，同样that也可以代替关系副词
    • This is theplacewhich I was born in. → 关系代词which。
    • This is theplacethat I was born in. → 关系代词that。
    • This is theplacewhere I was born. → 关系副词which。
    • This is theplacethat I was born. → 关系副词that。
在关系副词中省略先行词

关系副词中省略先行词的情况

  • 关系副词的先行词可以省略
    • This is (theplace)where I was born. (√)。
    • I remember (theday)when he was born. (√)。
    • This is (thereason)why he was late. (√)。
  • 关系副词how不能与先行词the way一起使用
    • This is thewayhow she solved the problem. (×)。
    • This is thewaythat she solved the problem. (√)。
    • This is how she solved the problem. (√)。
    • This is theway she solved the problem. (√)。

通过解题治疗语法7

  • 关系副词how不能与先行词the way一起使用，所以答案是the way
    • Can you tell me the way / the way how you make the cake?
  • 这个句子可以拆分成下列两个句子，合成一个句子是：Can you tell me the way which you solved it in? (√) Can you tell me the way in which you solved it? (√) Can you tell me the way how you solved it? (×) Can you tell me the way that you solved it? (√)
    • Can you tell me the way? 能告诉我那个方法吗？
    • You solved it in the way. 你用那个方法解决了它。

通过解题治疗语法8

  • 关系副词引导的句子都是完整的句子
    • 1 This is the house that he once live in.
    • 2 This is the house he once lived in.
    • 3 This is the house in which he once lived.
    • 4 This is the house in that he once lived.
  • 关系副词是“介词+关系代词”，所以答案是把in where改成in which 或where
    • Chicago is the place (in where John was born).
  • 先行词是表示时间的the time，所以应该把where改成when
    • Please tell me the time (where you met her).

go home和go to home的区别

  • home是表示“家，故乡，祖国”的名词，也是表示“在家，在故乡，在祖国”的副词
    • I go home. (√) I go to home. (×)。
    • You must go. (√) You must go home. (√) You must go to home. (×)。
  • 如果home作名词应该是 I go to the home.(定冠词在名词前。)。

关系副词的使用

  • 先行词是表示理由的reason，所以答案是why
    • It is the time __________ we must go home.
    • This is the reason __________ he was absent.
  • 这道题中省略了先行词，所以答案有很多种
    • 意思是“这是他见到她的地方”时，答案是where。
    • 意思是“这是他见她的原因”时，答案是why。
    • 意思是“这是他见她的方法”时，答案是how。
关系副词的用法

关系副词的用法

  • 关系副词引导的句子都是限定性定语从句，但若关系副词前有逗号，则引导的是非限定性定语从句
    • I went to (Tokyo where I met the pretty girl). 我去了(见到了那个漂亮女孩的东京)。
    • I went to Tokyo, where I met the pretty girl. 我去了东京，在那里遇到了漂亮的女孩。
    • He went to America (where the war broke out). 他去了(发生战争的)美国。
    • He went to America, where the war broke out. 他去了美国，那里爆发了战争。
  • 逗号加关系副词可以换成“ 连词+副词”
    • He went to America and there the war broke out.

通过解题治疗语法9

  • 将逗号加关系副词改“连词+副词”
    • She went to his house, where she couldn’t see him.
    • Wait till Monday, when he will come back.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 用“连词+副词”替代关系副词
    • 她去了他家，但没见到他。
    • 等到星期一，那时他会回来的。

通过解题治疗语法10

  • 在非限定性定语从句中，可以用“连词+副词”代替关系副词
    • She first went to Paris, where she received some training to help the sick and poor.
    • 用and there替换where。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 选择恰当的答案
    • I can’t forget the day (when / where) she left me.
    • Is there any reason (when / why) she got angry?
    • Please tell me (the way / the way how) you make the cake.
    • This is the house (which / where) they lived ten years ago.
    • This is the house (which / where / in which) they built two years ago.
    • Sunday is the day (which / when / how) we don’t go to school.
    • America is a country (where / which) English is spoken.
    • The place (where / which) I want to visit in Korea is Seoul.
    • The place (where / which) I want to go in Korea is Seoul.
    • I stayed at the hotel (which / where) he recommended.
    • I stayed at the hotel (which / where) he worked.
    • I don’t remember the day (which / that / where) the pianist was born.
    • I stayed at his hotel for a week, (when / which) I received a letter.
    • Can you tell me the way (how / that) you solved it?
    • I don’t like the way (how / in which) she talks to me.
  • 将两个句子合成一个句子
    • Tell me the time. / The concert begins at the time.
    • I don’t like the way. / He talks in the way.
Part 08 状语从句

诊断你的语法水平

  • 比较并翻译两个句子
    • I will buy her a car if she marries him.
    • I don’t know if she will marry him.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • If she will come here, I’ll leave.
    • I will meet him when he will arrive here.
    • I will take a walk if it will be fine tomorrow.
    • I wonder whether he goes to the party or not next week.
  • 改写成伴随状语
    • Because it was cold yesterday, the river is frozen.
    • Since she didn’t see the movie, I want to see it with her.
    • Though she is loved by many people, she is not happy now.

掌握状语从句的概念

  • 状语从句是单独存在的，很容易找出主句和从句
    • 名词性从句和定语从句是将两个句子合成一个句子，不容易快速找出主句和从句。
  • 重点是状语从句修饰主句
    • “我睡觉”是主句，“我洗澡后”是从句，从句修饰主句。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 状语从句修饰主句
    • 这句话的意思是“我洗完澡后去睡觉了。”。
    • “我洗澡后”的作用只是修饰“我睡觉”。
状语从句的种类

状语从句的种类

  • 状语从句指含有主语和谓语的句子，起副词作用，修饰整个句子。

时间状语从句

  • 时间状语从句中要有表示时间的连接词，如when, as, while, after, before, till, as soon as等。

原因状语从句

  • 原因状语从句中要有表示原因的连接词，如because, as, since 等
    • 前面的状语从句只是起修饰作用，所以没有状语从句，句子本身也是成立的。

让步状语从句

  • 让步状语从句中要有表示让步的连接词，如though, although, even though,while等。

条件状语从句

  • 条件状语从句是指表示“如果”等条件或线索的从句，所以要有表示条件的连接词，如if, unless等
    • “如果”是虚拟语气中常用的单词，可以说虚拟语气也是状语从句的一种，但虚拟语气有些复杂，所以后面我们再专门学习。
状语从句的时态

状语从句的时态

  • 条件状语从句和时间状语从句，都是用现在时代替将来时
    • 条件状语从句中要用现在时，不能用将来时。
    • 时间状语从句中要用现在时，不能用将来时。

条件状语从句的时态

  • 条件状语从句中要用现在时，不能用将来时
    • 表示条件的从句是“如果你左转”，含有将来的意思，但条件状语从句不能用将来时，要用现在时。
    • 如果他回来，我会和他结婚。
    • 如果明天下雨，我就不出去。

时间状语从句的时态

  • 时间状语从句中要用现在时，不能用将来时
    • 表示时间的从句说的是将来会发生的事情，所以似乎应该用表示将来的will，但这种是错误的。
    • 她回来时，我会告诉她真相。
    • 你一到达就给我打电话。

通过解题治疗语法1

  • 找出错误并改正
    • If she will come here, I’ll leave. → If she comes here。
    • I will meet him when he will arrive here. → When he arrives here。
    • I will take a walk if it will be fine tomorrow. → if it is fine tomorrow。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 翻译句子并找出错误
    • 如果她来，我就走。
    • 他到这儿时，我会见到他。
    • 如果明天晴天，我会去散步。

通过解题治疗语法2

  • 比较并翻译句子
    • I will buy her a car if she marries him.
    • I don’t know if she will marry him.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • I wonder whether he goes to the party or not next week. → I wonder whether he will go to the party or not next week.

通过解题治疗语法3

  • 判断从句的类型，并翻译句子
    • He asked if his son was there.
    • He would not have done so if his son had been there.
    • Whatever he buys is cheap and good.
    • Whatever he buys, it is cheap and good.
  • 治疗你的语法水平
    • 他问他儿子是否在那里。
    • 如果他儿子在那里，他就不会那么做了。
    • 他买的所有东西都又便宜又好。
    • 无论他买什么，都又便宜又好。
伴随状语

伴随状语的概念和构成

  • 伴随状语是将状语从句变成简短的伴随状语，用来说明主句的原因或情况
    • 状语从句包含主语和谓语，描述更详细，但是有时反复说主语、谓语很麻烦。
    • 在状语从句中，也有可以省略的成分，以下是省略的规则：通过上下文可以理解意思时，可以省略引导状语从句的连词；状语从句中的主语和主句的主语相同时，可以省略状语从句的主语；在省略连词和主语时，为避免引起歧义，状语从句的谓语要变为分词。

伴随状语的转换规则

  • 伴随状语转换的顺序是去掉连词→去掉主语→动词变形
    • 把状语从句变成伴随状语时，去掉了引导状语从句的连词或主语，如果动词依然保持原来的形态，容易让听者或读者混淆，所以将其谓语变为现在分词的形态。

伴随状语的应用场景

  • 伴随状语用于说明主句的原因或情况
    • 因为我累了，所以很早就睡觉了。
    • 虽然我感到很累，但还是很早就去睡觉了。
    • 如果我感到很累，我会很早就去睡觉了。
    • 因为我感到很累，所以很早就去睡觉了。

伴随状语与状语从句的转换难点

  • 把伴随状语变成状语从句，需要考虑已经去掉的连词、主语和动词
    • 当她看到那只狗时，她就跑开了。
    • 因为现在很冷，所以那条河结冰了。
    • 因为她没看过那部电影，所以我想和她看那部电影。
    • 虽然她备受喜爱，但她现在并不幸福。

伴随状语的其他注意事项

  • 不省略连词的情况、主句的主语和从句的主语不一致的情况、有否定词的情况、句首有being的情况、状语从句中的事件比主句中的事件发生得早等情况的处理方式
    • 使用伴随状语的目的是更简洁、准确地沟通。所以有时为了明确表达意思，不能省略连词。
    • 状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，可以省略从句的主语，但是前后主语不一致时，不能省略从句的主语。
    • 有never, not等否定词时，应该把这些否定词放在句首。
    • 在being + p.p.中，可以省略being。在being + V-ing中，一定要省略being。
    • 状语从句中的事件先发生，主句中的事件后发生，这时状语从句的动词不能变成现在分词形式，而要用having+ p.p.。

通过解题治疗语法

  • 选择恰当的答案，通过实际题目练习语法
    • A：How did you spend your evening yesterday? B：The children __________ to a magic show, I had a quiet time reading a book. 1 going 2 were gone 3 have gone 4 having gone。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 选择恰当的答案，通过实际题目练习语法
    • (Though / Because) he was tired, he couldn’t rest. 2. (Though / Because) he was tired, he wanted to rest. 3. (While / Since) he drank coffee, he read the newspaper. 4. When he (comes / will come) back, I will go out. 5. If it (will be / is) fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. 6. I don’t know if it (will be / is) fine tomorrow. 7. Please tell me when he (goes / will go) to school. 8. (Feeling / Felt) cold, she turned on the heater. 9. (Knowing not / Not knowing) her address, I couldn’t visit her. 10.(Being / It being) hot, I turned on the air conditioner.。
  • 找出错误并改正，通过实际题目练习语法
    • I will give him the gift if he will finish his homework. will finish → finishes，完整主句，if引导的条件状语从句，从句用现在时代替将来时。
    • I don’t know if he finishes his homework by tomorrow. finished → will finish，主句不完整，“我不知道……”后面要接宾语，if引导的名词性从句作宾语。
    • She is wondering when he comes back. comes → will come，主句不完整，“她担心……”后面要接宾语，这里特殊疑问词when引导的名词性从句作宾语，意思是“他什么时候回来”。
    • I will go there with him when he will come back. will come → comes，主句完整，后面是when引导的时间状语从句，意思是“他回来时”，从句要用现在时代替将来时。
    • Being cold, we stayed home. Being → it being。
    • Having not any money, he borrowed some money from him. Having not → Not having。
    • Disappointing with her reaction, he was sad. Disappointing with her reaction → Being disappointed with her reaction 或disappointed with her reaction，原来的从句是Because he was disappointed with her reaction。
    • Being finished her degree, she started to work for an international company. 句子的意思是“取得学位后，她开始在一家跨国企业工作。”。
    • Having not a friend at all, she felt lonely. Having not → Not having。
    • Listened to the radio, she didn’t hear the doorbell. Listened改为listening。
  • 改写成伴随状语，通过实际题目练习语法
    • When she found her test results, she was surprised. Finding her test results, she was surprised.。
    • As she is tired, she doesn’t want to go to the party. (Being) tired, she doesn’t want to go to the party.。
    • Since she didn’t have any money, she had to walk. Not having any money, she had to walk.。
    • As it rained, I didn’t want to go there. It raining, I didn’t want to go there.。
    • After he finished his work, he went out. Finishing his work, he went out.。
    • While I walked in the street, I met one of my friends. Walking in the street, I met one of my friends.。
    • As he was poor, he could not buy the house. Being poor, he could not buy the house.。
    • Though I live near her house, I have never seen him. Living near her house, I have never seen him.。
    • As I didn’t know what to say, I didn’t say anything. Not knowing what to say, I didn’t say anything.。
    • Because she visited the museum, she doesn’t want to go there again. Having visited the museum, she doesn’t want to go there again.。
  • 将伴随状语改写成状语从句，通过实际题目练习语法
    • Not seeing me, she didn’t say Hello to me. Because she didn’t see me, she didn’t say Hello to me.。
    • Being at home, I usually read books. When I am at home, I usually read books.。
    • Having finished my homework yesterday, I am free now. Because I finished my homework yesterday, I am free now.。
    • Living next door, I seldom see her. Although I live next door, I seldom see her.。
    • It being foggy, I couldn’t drive. As (=Because) it was foggy, I couldn’t drive.。
    • Though written in easy English, it is difficult for children. Though it is written in easy English, it is difficult for children.。
    • Traveling around Ireland, I always stay in youth hostels. When I travel around Ireland, I always stay in youth hostels.。
    • Not hearing the doorbell, she missed the delivery. Because she didn’t hear the doorbell, she missed the delivery.。
    • Having saved a little money, he travelled to Australia. Because he had saved a little money, he travelled to Australia.。
    • We sat in the bus shelter, waiting for the rain to stop. We sat in the bust shelter while we waited for the rain to stop.。
    • Wounded in the legs, she could not walk. Because she was wounded in the legs, she could not walk.。
    • Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources. If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.。
Part 09 虚拟语气

虚拟语气的概念和用法

  • 虚拟语气表示人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或假设等。
  • 虚拟语气由句中的谓语变化来体现，可以用于条件、目的状语从句及宾语从句中
    • 常见的虚拟语气一般由if引导。

虚拟语气的诊断和治疗

  • 通过选择恰当的动词和找出错误并改正来诊断语法水平
    • 例如：If you take the subway, you (will be / would be / would have been) on time.
    • 例如：It’s cold outside. If I am you, I would put a coat on.
  • 通过将句子改成虚拟语气和治疗来掌握虚拟语气的用法
    • 例如：As I don’t have money, I can’t buy you a car.
    • 例如：If I had money, I could buy you a car.
  • 通过选择恰当的答案填空来巩固虚拟语气的用法
    • 例如：___________, I’d have told you. ③ Had I known it。
虚拟语气（if 从句）

虚拟语气过去时

  • 虚拟语气过去时表达对现在的希望，也就是表达现在无法实现的事情
    • 如果我是你，我会和他结婚。
    • 如果我英语好，我会帮你做作业。
  • 虚拟语气过去时的表达方法：谓语应该用过去式，主句要有助动词，根据从句的时态，助动词也要用过去式
    • If I knew her number, I would call her.
    • If I had money, I could buy the car.
    • If I were rich, I might go there.
  • 翻译时要注意把从句中的过去时，翻译成现在时
    • If I knew her number, I wouldcall her.
    • If I had money, I couldbuy the car.
    • If I were rich, I couldgo there.

虚拟语气过去完成时

  • 虚拟语气过去完成时表示对过去事情的假设，也就是对过去没能实现的事情表示后悔
    • 如果我英语及格了，就能通过那次考试了。
    • 如果我认真点学习，那次考试可能就及格了。
  • 虚拟语气过去完成时的表达方式与虚拟语气过去时的表达方式一样，只是决定时态的动词不同
    • 从句一般由if引导，谓语应该用过去完成式had + p.p.；
    • 主句中需有助动词，根据条件状语从句的时态，助动词要用过去完成时态：would, could, might, should + have + p.p.。
  • 翻译句子时要翻译成过去时
    • If I had studied hard, I could have passed the test.
    • If I had known her number, I would have called her.
    • If she had helped me, I would have finished it.
    • If I had got up early, I could have caught the bus.

错综虚拟语气

  • 虚拟语气有时也会不遵守同类原则，即从句和主句所指时间不一致的情况
    • 如果我们早点起床 过去时 ，我们就能看到美丽的日出了。 过去时。
    • 如果我们早点起床 过去时 ，我们现在就在火车上了。 现在时。
  • 当没能实现的事情影响到现在，就要用错综虚拟语气
    • 错综虚拟语气的表达要求如下：条件从句中要有if，主句中要有助动词，这是虚拟语气最基本的条件。if从句中动词用had + p.p.，主句要用助动词的过去式(would, could, might, should)。主句的句末有表示现在的副词now, today, like this等。

虚拟语气将来时

  • 虚拟语气将来时表示对将来情况的一种假设
    • 如果他去的几率是一半或更大，这样表达就可以了。
    • 但如果去的几率非常小或几乎没有去的可能时，该如何表达呢？这时就要用虚拟语气将来时。
  • 虚拟语气将来时的表达方式：从句中要有if + should (were to)，主句中要有助动词will(would), can(could), may(might)
    • If it should rain tomorrow, the party will not be held tomorrow.
    • If I were to be born again, I would marry you.
  • if从句中用should时，主句的助动词可以用现在式或过去式。if从句中用were to时，主句的助动词只能用过去，用现在时will, can, may,shall是错误的
    • If it shouldrain tomorrow, I willstay at home.
    • If he shoulddie, I wouldtake care of his children.
    • If I were tobe young again, I wouldmarry you.
    • If the sun were to rise in the west, I wouldmarry you.

省略if的情况

  • 为了使句子更简练，虚拟语气通常会省略if。但是如果省略了if，听者或读者该如何判断是虚拟语气呢？为避免引起歧义，省略if时，从句中的主语和谓语要倒装
    • If hehad known the answer, he would have told me.
    • IfI were rich, I could go there.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 将括号中的动词变成恰当的形态
    • If I (know) it well, I could tell you about it.
    • If it (be) fine tomorrow, I will go out.
    • If I (be) smart, I could solve the problem.
    • If I (be) reborn, I would marry you.
    • If she (come), we’ll go out.
    • If it were not so expensive, I (buy) the book.
    • If I (study) harder, I could have passed the test.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • If she had worked hard, she would succeeded.
    • If I don’t do it, my mother would be angry.
    • If he listened to me, he wouldn’t have made a mistake.
    • If you had chose me at that time, you wouldn’t have had any problem.
    • If she has not wasted the money, she could have bought it.
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • If I had a million dollars, I (will / would) buy the car.
    • If you (brought / had brought) the DVD, we could have watched it together.
    • If I (weren’t / hadn’t been) late, my teacher wouldn’t have gotten angry with me.
    • If I had stayed up late last night, I would (be / had been) sleepy now.
    • If I (have / had) a camera, I could take photos.
    • If she (was / were) a student, she could get a student’s discount.
    • If it snowed, I (would make / made) a snowman.
    • If my car weren’t broken, I (can drive / could drive) you home.
    • If he (has / had) a son, he (would play / would played) with him.
  • 选择恰当的答案填空
    • If it __________ rain tomorrow, I would put off my departure.
    • If I __________ again, I would be a doctor like Albert Schweitzer.
    • If my mother had not waked me up in the morning, I __________ longer.
    • The world would be a very uncomfortable place, if there __________ no sun.
    • If you __________ followed his orders, this disaster would not have happened.
    • If another war __________ break out, our civilization would be completely destroyed.
  • 用虚拟语气翻译下列句子
    • 如果我是你，我不会去那里。
    • 如果你做完了作业，我就带你去动物园。
    • 如果我知道答案，我会告诉你。
    • 如果天气再暖和一点，我会去外面。
虚拟语气（其他形式）

虚拟语气(其他形式)

  • I wish虚拟语气用于表达对过去或现在的后悔或愿望
    • I wish用于虚拟语气过去时表示对现在情况的遗憾或愿望，意思是“如果……就好了”。
    • I wish虚拟语气过去完成时表示对过去没能实现的事情的后悔或期望，意思是“如果……就好了”。
  • as if虚拟语气用于讽刺与现在事实相反的内容或过去事实相反的情况
    • as if用于虚拟语气过去时表示讽刺与现在事实相反的内容，意思是“就像……一样”，翻译成现在时。
    • as if用于虚拟语气过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况，意思是“好像……一样”，翻译成过去时。
  • but for(=without)虚拟语气假设的是“没有什么”，翻译成“如果没有过……(过去时)”“如果没有……(现在时)”
    • but for虚拟语气过去时的意思是“如果没有……”，也要翻译成现在时。
    • but for用于虚拟语气过去完成时的意思是“如果没有过……”，翻译成过去时。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 把下列句子改成直接陈述句
    • As I don’t know her address, I cannot write to her.
    • As I didn’t know her address, I didn’t write to her.
    • I am sorry I can’t speak Japanese.
    • I am sorry she didn’t come to the meeting yesterday.
    • In fact, she is not rich.
    • In fact, he was not a doctor.
  • 将下列句子改写成if虚拟语气
    • If it were not for water, no one could live on the earth.
    • If it had not been for your help, I could not have finished the work.
  • 将下列句子改写成省略if的虚拟语气
    • Were I rich, I would buy the house.
    • Should I die, what would become of my wife?
    • Had I studied harder, I would have passed the test.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • know → knew / had know，可以用过去时，也可以用过去完成时。
    • drank → had drunk，要符合同类原则。
    • is → were 4. had → had had，有确切的过去时间点yesterday，所以要用过去完成时。
    • have → had / had had 6. was → were / had been 7. miss → had missed。
    • didn’t eat → hadn’t eaten，后悔过去的事情，所以应该用虚拟语气过去完成时。
    • were → had been 10. could not do → could not have done。
    • were not → had not been；couldn’t have done → couldn’t do。
    • are → were，有now所以只能用虚拟语气过去时。
    • can’t complete → couldn’t have completed，有last week所以只能用虚拟语气过去完成时。
    • are → were，现在的事实，所以只能用虚拟语气过去时。
Part 10 时态和引语

诊断你的语法水平

  • 找出错误并改正
    • The child is ill for the past ten days. (is → has been)。
    • I have just now arrived in Canada. (just now → just)。
    • The airplane will reach New York by this day week. (will reach → will have reached)。
    • I learned that twice three was six. (was → is)。
    • The beautiful gardens are belonging to my grandfather. (are belonging → belong)。
    • I don’t know if it rains, but if it will do, I shall stay at home. (will do → does)。
    • By the time you will receive this letter, everything will be settled. (will receive → receive)。
    • The road was muddy, as it rained the previous day. (rained → had rained)。
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • He said that honesty (is / was) the best policy. (is)。
    • They (have come / came) three years ago. (came)。
    • We (have rented / rented) our apartment since 1990. (have rented)。

掌握英语时态的概念

  • 时态是根据动作发生的时间，大致可以分为过去、现在和将来三种，与一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式组成时态。
  • 动词决定时态，所以根据动词的变化可判断时态，反之，也可以根据时态来选择动词。
12种基本时态

一般过去时

  • 表示过去发生的事情
    • 谓语为be动词或实义动词的过去式时，句子就是一般过去时。
  • 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
    • 一般过去时是指某种情况或行为在过去的特定时间点发生，并在过去结束。
    • 现在完成时是指过去某个时间点发生的事情对现在依然有影响，并不一定结束。

一般现在时

  • 表示现在发生的事情
    • 谓语为be动词或实义动词的现在形式，就是现在时。
  • 表示现在时间点的副词now能让句子意思更加明确
    • 第三人称单数且时态为一般现在时，实义动词后要加-s。
    • 不变的真理用一般现在时表达。

一般将来时

  • 表示将来发生的事情
    • 将来时需要用助动词will或be going to。
  • 表示将来时间的副词，如tomorrow, this week, next week, this year, next year等，可以让将来时态的句子意思更明确。

过去进行时

  • 用于表示在过去特定的某个时间点正在进行的某件事
    • 翻译成“正在做……”，表达形式是 was / were + V-ing。
  • 如果只有过去进行时，虽然不是错误的句子，但是加上表示特定时间的修饰语，传达的意思才够明确
    • I wascleaning my car when it begun to rain. 开始下雨时，我正在洗车。
    • I waswatching television when he came in. 他进来时，我正在看电视。

现在进行时

  • 用于表示现在正在做某事或某行为
    • 意思是“正在做……”，表达形式是 be +V-ing。
  • 有些动词不能用于进行式
    • 例如一些表示拥有或状态的动词。
  • 现在进行时与表示将来的副词tomorrow, this, week, next week, this year,next year等连用，可表示将来的意思
    • The train is leaving tomorrow.火车明天离开。
    • Tiger Woods is leaving New York tonight. 泰格·伍兹今晚离开纽约。

将来进行时

  • 用于表示在将来的特定时间点正在做或连续做某事
    • 意思是“会在做……”，表达形式是 will be + V-ing。
  • 为了使意思更加明确，需要与表示将来特定时间点的副词连用。

过去完成时

  • 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成的动作，对过去某一点造成影响，有持续、经验、完成、结果四种用法
    • 持续：He hadlived in Chicago before he moved to New York last year.
    • 经验：Had you ever seen the man before then?
    • 完成：I had just finished my homework when he came in.
    • 结果：My father hadgone to America when I was born.
  • 和其他时态一样，单独使用过去完成时也不能明确表达意思，所以过去完成时也需要表示时间的副词
    • He hadlived in Chicago. (×)。
    • Had you ever seen the man before? (×)。
    • I had just finished my homework. (×)。
    • My father hadgone to America. (×)。

现在完成时

  • 用于表示过去某个时间发生的事情一直持续到现在，与过去完成时一样，也有持续、经验、完成、结果四种用法
    • 持续：She haslived here since 2000.
    • 经验：Have you ever used this program before?
    • 完成：I have just finished my homework.
    • 结果：She hasgone to Japan. (√)。
    • 使用现在完成时的持续用法时，如“我从2001年开始一直住在这里。”比“我一直住在这里。”表达的意思更明确。所以，现在完成时的持续用法一般与表示特定时间起点的副词since, for等连用。
  • just和just now的区别
    • just多用于现在完成时中强调刚刚结束。
    • just now用于一般过去时中，强调过去。

将来完成时

  • 用于表示在将来的特定时间点前开始的事情在将来的另一特定时间点结束，意思是“将完成……”
    • 为了让意思更明确，将来完成时也要和表示特定将来时间点的副词一起用。

过去完成进行时

  • 用于表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间仍然在进行或者刚刚结束，意思是“那时正在做……”
    • 为了让意思更明确，过去完成进行时也要和表示特定过去时间点的副词一起用。

现在完成进行时

  • 用于表示从过去的特定时间点开始一直持续到现在
    • 表达形式是 have been +V-ing，有持续、经验、完成、结果四种用法。

将来完成进行时

  • 用于表示从某个将来的特定时间点前开始，一直持续到特定时间点结束
    • 意思是“会在做……”，表达形式是 will have been + V-ing。
    • 为了让意思更明确，将来完成进行时也要和表示将来特定时间点的副词一起用。
引语

引语的概念

  • 直接引语是双引号直接原封不动地引用从别人那里听来的话。
  • 间接引语是站在转达者的立场上，适当改变后转达从别人那里听到的内容。

直接引语变成间接引语的方法

  • 陈述句中引语的转换规则
    • 去掉逗号和引号，用that代替。that可以省略。
    • 使用正确的表示转达的动词。(say to → tell, said to → told等)。
    • 站在转达者的立场改变直接引语的主语、宾语等。(I → he等)。
    • 如果主句的谓语是现在时，不用改变直接引语的时态；如果主句的谓语是过去时，就要把直接引语中的现在时变成过去时，过去时变成过去完成时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。也就是说时态要一致。
    • 还要站在转达者的立场上改变形容词或副词。(表示转达的动词是过去时的时候) Now → then, this → that, ago → before。
  • 疑问句中引语的转换规则
    • 一般疑问句，把表示转达的动词say(to)变成ask。
    • 把要转述的句子的语序变为“if / whether +主语+谓语”。
    • 特殊疑问句，把表示转达的动词say(to)变成ask。
    • 把要转述的句子的语序变为“特殊疑问词+主语+谓语”。
  • 祈使句中引语的转换规则
    • 把表示转达的动词say(to)变成tell(告诉)，order(命令)，ask(请求)，advise(建议)或beg(恳请)等。
    • 把要转达的句子(祈使句)变成动词不定式。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 找出错误并改正
    • have you gone → did you go，不能用I have gone..., you have gone...。
    • do not → have not，有just, now, already, yet就是现在完成时的完成用法。
    • it have → it has，since要与现在完成时一起用。
    • gone → been，表示“去过”用been to...。
    • till → by，by表示完成，till表示持续。
    • will come → comes，时间状语从句中要用现在时代替将来时。
    • is standing → stands，表示拥有或状态的动词不能用于进行时。
    • has gone → went，有表示特定过去的five days ago，所以只能用过去时。
    • will climb → will have climbed， 将来完成时表示经验的用法。
    • will have done → have done，时间状语从句中要用现在时代替将来时。
    • has not gone → had not gone。
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • gains，俗语通常用现在时。
    • do not bite。
    • has lived，这是现在完成时的持续用法。
    • bought，有表示特定过去时间的last year，所以只能用过去时。
  • 回答下列问题
    • till后是时间状语从句，要用现在时代替将来时，所以答案是①。
    • till后是时间状语从句，要用现在时代替将来时，所以答案是④，应该把will stop改成stops。
    • 表示动作的动词可以用进行时，但表示拥有或状态的动词不能用进行时。③中have表示“拥有”的意思，不能用进行时，所以答案是③。
  • 选择恰当的答案填空
    • 这个句子可以翻译为“你老了会需要一个可以依靠的人。”时间状语从句中要用现在时代替将来时，所以答案是③。
    • 这个句子可以翻译为“到明年12月，迈克就在墨西哥生活13年了。”这是将来完成时，所以答案是⑤。
    • 这个句子可以翻译为“艾伦3个小时一直在写同一封信，而且他还没写完。”现在完成进行时，所以答案是①。
    • 这个句子可以翻译为“到明年，金教授就教10年英语了。”这个句子是将来完成进行时，所以答案是①。
  • 把下列句子变成间接引语
    • She said that she could not play that day as she had an appointment.
    • He said that he would be back as soon as he could.
    • He said that he had been very busy a few days before but he was quite free then.
    • Our teacher told us that the earth is round.
    • He said that he gets up at six every morning.
    • He said that his brother had already started.
    • He says that he is happy.
    • I said that I was sleepy.
    • He told me that he had written me a letter.
Part 11 It’s 引导的特殊句型

It’s time...句型的概念和用法

  • It’s time...意思是“该做……了”
    • It’s time for you to do your homework.
    • It is about time he introduced himself to us.
  • It’s time...句型可以用虚拟语气，也可以不用
    • It’s time that you did your homework.
    • It’s time that you should do your homework.
    • It is about time him to introduce himself to us.
    • It is about time he should introduce himself to us.
It’s time句型

It is time +动词不定式

  • It is time to go表示“该走了。”。
  • It is time to go to bed表示“该睡觉了。”。
  • 可以在动词不定式前加上“for +宾格”
    • It is time foryou to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
    • It is time forus to go to bed. 我们该睡觉了。

It is time +从句

  • It is time后也可以接从句，谓语用动词的过去式，但是表达的意思是现在时
    • It is time that you went to bed.
    • It is time后是由that引导、含主语和谓语的主语从句。that是关系副词。
  • “It’s time +从句”多表达责备或不满
    • 用于还没有发生的事情或情况，尽管和虚拟语气很相似，但并不是虚拟语气。

虚拟语气和It’s time...句型的共同点和区别

  • 共同点：表达的都是没有发生的事情，都用动词的过去式，但翻译成现在时
    • 虚拟语气遵循同类原则，但是It’s time...句型不遵循此原则。
    • 虚拟语气的从句可以用过去完成时、过去时、现在时，但It’s time...句型后一般只用动词的过去。
  • 区别：虚拟语气中主句可以是现在时，从句是没有特定过去基准点的过去完成时；It’s time...句型后要接过去时，be动词要根据人称变化
    • 虚拟语气过去时中，be动词都用were。
    • It’s time...句型中，be动词要随人称变化。

It’s time...句型的表达方式

  • It’s time for you to go to bed.(动词不定式的形容词性用法)。
  • It’s time that you went to bed.(It’s time...句型)。
  • It’s time that you shouldgo to bed.(使用助动词should)。
  • It’s time that you go to bed.(省略助动词should)。
  • It’s time you went to bed.(关系副词that可以省略，所以省略了②中的that)。
  • It’s time you shouldgo to bed.(省略了③中的that)。
  • It’s time you go to bed.(省略了④中的that)。

It’s time...句型的例句

  • It’s high time (that) you took care of your brother.

It is time that句型的用法

  • It is time that句型用于表示对现在还没发生的事情的责备、不满和焦虑
    • 用于表示还没发生的事情，这一点与虚拟语气相同，但并不是表示希望或假设的虚拟语气，所以不能与虚拟语气混淆。
  • It is time that后要用过去时，be动词要随人称变化
    • 在虚拟语气过去时中，be动词都要用were，但是在It’s time that句型中，be动词要随人称变化。
  • “It is time +动词过去式”应该翻译成现在时，意思是“该做……了”
    • 这个句子的意思是“他该采取强烈的措施抵制他们了。”。

It is time that句型的例句解析

  • He is already on the wrong side of forties. It’s about time he found himself a wife and settled down
    • 他已经40多岁了。他该结婚安定下来了。
    • 是It is time that句型，所以从句后要用过去时。
    • 由并列连词and连接，所以前后都应该用过去时(found, settled)。所以答案是③。
忠主要命提 + should句型

“忠主要命提 + should句型”的用法

  • “忠主要命提”的句子中，that从句中必须用should
    • “你该睡觉了。”表达的是你应该去睡觉了，但是还没有去睡觉。而would没有“必须做……”的意思，所以不能代替should。
    • shall也不能代替should，是因为表达的是过去应该做但是还没做，所以必须用过去式。
  • 在表示忠告、主张、要求、命令、提议时，that从句中也要用should
    • 比如，一位医生对肥胖症患者说：“如果你不赶快减肥，会出大事的。”。
    • 史莱克虽然深爱着菲奥娜公主，但是因为自己长得不够英俊，没有勇气再去见菲奥娜公主。所以朋友们对史莱克说：“史莱克，鼓起勇气，你该去见菲奥娜公主！”。
    • 史莱克只顾着玩游戏，在期末考试中成绩一落千丈，老师看到考试成绩后要求史莱克：“你认真点学习，别只顾着玩游戏！”。
    • 史莱克胃痛难忍，去医院接受治疗，医生对史莱克说“想治好胃病得吃这个药，一天三次！”。
    • 菲奥娜公主减肥过度忽然晕倒，被送到了医院。虽然医生劝她不要再减肥了，要好好吃饭，但是菲奥娜公主固执地坚持继续减肥。所以医生建议她只吃晚饭。

“忠主要命提 + that引导的名词性从句”的用法

  • 如果主句含有表示忠主要命提的动词，that从句中的内容不是过去发生的事情，而是表示“必须做”的意思时，一定要用“should+动词原形”
    • I insist that he (should) go with us. 我认为他应该和我们一起走。
    • We demanded that he (should) pay the money. 我们要求他付钱。
    • The doctor insists that she (should) give up smoking. 医生认为她应该戒烟。
    • He suggested that the party (should) be put off. 他建议派对应该被延期。
  • 表示“忠主要命提”的动词都含有义务的意思，为避免重复，可以省略同样含有义务意思的should
    • I insist that he goes with us. (×)。
    • We demanded that he pays the money. (×)。
    • The doctor insists that she gives up smoking. (×)。
    • He suggested that the party is put off. (×)。
It’s +判断 / 感情形容词+ that + should

四种句型：It is time that + 主语 + should + 动词；主语+忠主要命提 that 主语 + should + 动词；It is 判断形容词that 主语 + should + 动词；It is 感情形容词that 主语 + should + 动词

  • 在这些句型中，that从句中用should必须满足两个条件：还未发生的事情且含有“必须做……”的含义。

文章通过例句和练习题，帮助读者理解和掌握这些句型的使用

  • 例句和练习题展示了如何使用这些句型
    • 例句1：It is time that we should start our work.
    • 例句2：I insist that he should go with us.
    • 例句3：It is necessary that we should have a meeting.
    • 例句4：It is surprising that he should have won the prize.
    • 练习题：用适当的句型转换句子。

文章给出了一些提高语法水平的建议

  • 包括填空、选择语法正确的句子、找出语法错误的句子并改正等
    • 填空：用适当的句型填空。
    • 选择：选择语法正确的句子。
    • 找出并改正：找出语法错误的句子并改正。
Part 12 被动语态

将下列句子改写成被动语态

  • All Koreans love her. - She is loved by all Koreans.
  • Someone stole my car. - My car was stolen by someone.
  • He will write the letter tomorrow. - The letter will be written tomorrow by him.
  • They are painting the door. - The door is being painted by them.
  • She was singing the song. - The song was being sung by her.
  • He has repaired my watch. - My watch has been repaired by him.
  • Mom gave me an apple. - I was given an apple by Mom. / An apple was given (to) me by Mom.
  • Dad bought me the bike. - The bike was bought for me by Dad.
  • I saw him enter the house. - He was seen to enter the house by me.
  • I made my car washed. - My car was made to be washed by me.

填写正确的介词

  • The room is filled with trash.
  • She is well known to neighbors.
  • I am interested in classical music.
  • He was surprised at the result.
  • This chair is made of metal.

找出错误并改正

  • I was read a book by my mom. - A book was read (to) me by my mom.
  • He was made study harder by his dad. - He was made to study harder by his dad.
  • The baby is taken care by her. - The baby is taken care of by her.
  • Wine is made of grapes. - Wine is made from grapes.
  • She is resembled by her brother. - Her brother resembles her.

被动语态的概念

  • 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
    • 我要认真学习！- 我认真学习了！(在爸爸的施压下)。
    • 他认真工作！- 他认真工作了！(在老板的施压下)。
    • 我的宠物狗拼力地跑！- 我的宠物狗拼力地跑了！(在我的驱使下)。
被动语态的结构

被动语态的结构

  • 英语中用be + p.p.表示被动语态
    • I love her. 主动语态 → She is loved by me. 被动语态。
  • 在被动语态的句子中可以同时存在be动词和实义动词，只不过实义动词需要变形
    • I amliving in Seoul. 现在进行时 → I am being lived in Seoul. 被动语态。
    • I am drinking milk. 现在进行时 → I am being drunk milk. 被动语态。

被动语态的表达方式

  • 动作不是由主语自己完成的，而是由其他人完成的，就用被动语态
    • 主动语态的句子变成被动语态时，前提条件就是原来的句子中要有宾语。
  • 有宾语的句子是第三类句型、第四类句型和第五类句型，它们可以变成被动语态
    • 第一类句型 S + V 和第二类句型 S + V + P 没有宾语，所以它们无法变成被动语态。
第三类句型的被动语态

第三类句型的被动语态结构

  • 第三类句型的结构是“主语+谓语+宾语”，变成被动语态就是“什么(宾语)被我(主语)做”
    • 主语语态中的宾语变成了被动语态的主语。
    • 主动语态中的谓语变成被动语态的be + p.p.。
    • 主动语态中的主语在被动语态中变成by +宾语。

现在时的被动语态

  • 把宾语放到句首，然后把谓语变成be + p.p.，最后把主动语态的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：Sarah teaches English. → English is taught by Sarah.

过去时的被动语态

  • 把宾语放到前面，谓语变成be＋p.p.，将原来的主语变成“by＋宾格”
    • 例如：Columbus discovered the America. → The Americas was discovered by Columbus.

将来时的被动语态

  • 先把宾语放到前面，然后把谓语变成be + p.p.，最后把原来的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：The work will be finished by her.

进行时的被动语态

  • 把宾语移到前面，把谓语变成be + being＋p.p.，最后把原来的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：They are building the house. → The house is being built by them.

完成时的被动语态

  • 把宾语移到前面，把谓语变成have / has been＋p.p.，最后把原来的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：Jane has cleaned the room. → The room has been cleaned by Jane.

否定句的被动语态

  • 把宾语移到前面，把谓语变成be + not + p.p.，最后把原来的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：She did not write the card. → The card was not written by her.

含助动词的被动语态

  • 把宾语移到前面，把谓语变成助动词＋be＋p.p.，最后把原来的主语变成“by +宾语”
    • 例如：She cannot play the piano. → The piano cannot be played by her.

疑问句的被动语态

  • 一般疑问句变成被动语态时，通常都是像这样变成一般疑问句
    • 例如：Did you find book? → Was the book found by you?
  • 特殊疑问句变成被动语态时，特殊疑问词一般放在句首
    • 例如：When did you build this house? → When was this house built by you?
第四类句型的被动语态

第四类句型的被动语态

  • 第四类句型有两个宾语，变成被动语态时有两种方法，一种是人作主语，一种是事物作主语
    • 英语由她教我们。The book was given Shrek (by you)。
    • 为了更明确地表达出“给某人”，可以在“某人”前加上to。

第四类句型变为被动语态时的注意事项

  • 事物作主语的被动语态，为了明确表示给某人，可以在人(间接宾语)前加上to
    • A cake was made to me by her. (×) 正确的句子应该是A cake was made for me by her.
    • 第四类句型的被动语态中，事物作主语时，谓语是某些特定的动词时，要用for代替to。
  • 人作主语的被动语态，含有某些动词的第四类句型是不能变成人作主语的被动语态的
    • She made me a cake. 她给我做了一个蛋糕。这个句子的意思是“我被她做了一个蛋糕。”。
    • 用这些动词作谓语的第四类句型变成被动语态时，只能变成事物作主语的被动语态。

将下列句子改写成被动语态

  • Mom gave me an apple. 人作主语I was given an apple by Mom. 事物作主语An apple was given (to) me by Mom.
  • Dad bought me the bike. 使用buy作谓语的第四类句型变成被动语态时，不能用人作主语。事物作主语The bike was bought for me by Dad.
第五类句型的被动语态

第五类句型的被动语态

  • 把宾语移到前面，把动词变成be + p.p.，把宾语补足语放在谓语后，把主语变成“by +宾语”
    • I... → I am called... → I am called a genius... → I am called a genius by them...
  • make在第四类句型中作授予动词时，表示“让……”，所以不能变成人作主语的被动语态。但是make在第三类句型或第五类句型中，可以变成人作主语的被动语态
    • I think him a doctor. → He is thought a doctor by me.
    • We called him a spy. → He was called a spy by us.
    • We elected Bush a President. → Bush was elected a President by us.
    • You make me crazy. → I am made crazy by you.

含感官动词、使役动词的被动语态

  • 在含感官动词或使役动词的第五类句型的句子中，动词可以作补语
    • We saw him dance. (√) → 用动词作宾语补足语，但saw(see的过去式)是感官动词，所以是正确的句子。
    • I heard you shout. (√) → 用动词作宾语补足语，但heard(hear的过去式)是感官动词，所以是正确的句子。
    • You let her go.(√)→用动词作宾语补足语，但let是使役动词，所以是正确的句子。
    • Shrek makes Princess Fiona wash his car. (√) → 用动词作宾语补足语，但makes是使役动词，所以是正确的句子。
  • 把含感官动词和使役动词的第五类句型变成被动语态时，一定要在作宾语补足语的动词前加上to
    • She made me work hard. → I was made to work hard by her.
    • We saw him break the window. → He was seen to break the window by us.

通过解题治疗语法5

  • 将下列句子改写成被动语态
    • I made him repair my watch. → I made my watch repaired by him.
    • I made her paint the door. → I made the door painted by her.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 第五类句型变成被动语态的知识汇总
    • We call this puppy Happy. (名词作补语，小狗的名字叫Happy。) → This puppy is called Happy by us.
    • This movie made us happy. (使役动词，形容词作补语。) → We were made to happy by this movie.
    • Mom made us study hard.(使役动词，动词原形作补语。) → We were made to study hard by Mom.
    • I had the box carried by the boy.(使役动词，过去分词作补语。) → The box was had to be carried by the boy by me. (×) → The box was made to be carried by the boy by me. (√)。
  • 使用感官动词和使役动词的第五类句型，变成被动语态时要加上to
    • He was seen to enter the house by me.
    • My car was made to be washed by me.

通过解题治疗语法6

  • 将下列句子改写成被动语态
    • I saw him enter the house. → He was seen to enter the house by me.
    • I made my car washed. → My car was made to be washed by me.

通过解题治疗语法7

  • 将下列句子改写成被动语态
    • I made her stay here. → She was made to stay here by me.
    • I saw her swim in the river. → She was seen to swim in the river by me.
    • I have three sisters. → 三个典型的不能变成被动语态的动词：have(拥有), resemble(和……像), become(适合)。

三个典型的不能变成被动语态的动词

  • have(拥有), resemble(和……像), become(适合)不能变成被动语态
    • She has two daughters. → Two daughter are had by her. (×)。
    • He resembles his father. → His father is resembled by him. (×)。
    • This dress becomes you. → You are become by this dress. (×)。
使用by以外的介词构成被动语态

被动语态的构成及特殊情况

  • 被动语态的基本结构是“be + 过去分词 + by + 宾格”
    • be known by的意思是“通过……得知”，用于表示判断的标准。
  • 有十种特殊情况，be动词后接不同的介词
    • be surprised at 因……而吃惊。
    • be satisfied with 对……而满意。
    • be covered with 被……覆盖。
    • be filled with 充满……。
    • be interested in 对……感兴趣。
    • be made of 由……构成(物理变化)。
    • be made from 由……构成(化学变化)。
    • be known to被……所知。
    • be known as 作为……被知。
    • be known for 因……而有名。

通过解题治疗语法

  • 翻译句子并填写恰当的介词
    • The room is filled with trash.
    • She is well known to neighbors.
    • I am interested in classical music.
    • He was surprised at the result.
    • This chair is made of metal.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • I was read a book by my mom.
    • He was made study harder by his dad.
    • The baby is taken care by her.
    • Wine is made of grapes.
    • She is resembled by her brother.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 将下列句子改写成被动语态
    • I saw her swim in the river.
    • The fire has damaged the building.
    • They will close the museum.
    • They are building the highest tower in the world.
    • My mom made the room cleaned.
    • They don’t like their English teacher.
    • She didn’t take care of the baby.
    • He didn’t break the window.
    • Did Mr. Smith build the hospital?
    • He will give me a book.
  • 选择恰当的答案
    • The machine (invented / was invented) in Canada.
    • I (wasn’t invited / didn’t invite) to the party.
    • I was (given / given to) a gift by Angela.
    • He was made (stay / to stay) at home all day.
    • She was seen (enter / to enter) her house.
    • My room was filled (by / with) books.
    • Jack is known (for / to) his honesty.
  • 找出错误并改正
    • The bike repairs by him.
    • She confused with his words.
    • Tom was injure in a car accident.
    • This house was build 100 years ago.
    • This chair is made by wood.
    • This jam is made by apples.
    • He didn’t satisfied with the result.
    • I was surprised with the news.
    • She was laughed at her friends.
    • He is well known as neighbors.
  • 选出变成被动语态后错误的一项
    • ① He made the doll for the girl.
    • ② I help many poor children.
    • ③ She wrote a letter.
    • ④ They will build the tallest hospital.
    • ⑤ We call him Jimmy.
  • 选出正确的句子
    • ① I’ve been interesting in dancing since I was a kid.
    • ② This frame was made to my sister.
    • My bicycle was stolen last year.
    • This bowl is made with glass.
    • Who was not choosing at the election?
  • 选出错误的一项
    • ① King Sejong invented Hangul.
    • ② The 17th World Cup was held in Korea.
    • The thief was caught by the policeman.
    • It was built in 1920.
    • Shakespeare was written Romeo and Juliet.
  • 选出正确的被动语态
    • They sent him to a hospital by taxi.
    • Where did she buy the hat?
Part 13 介词

诊断你的语法水平

  • 通过练习题来诊断你的语法水平
    • 练习题包括选择正确的介词填空。

掌握介词的概念

  • 介词可以让所表达的意思更加准确
    • 介词决定地点、位置、方向。
  • 介词一定要和名词一起搭配使用
    • 介词的基本原则是要位于名词(类)前。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 介词大体上可以分为地点介词、方向介词和时间介词
    • 介词的种类包括表示地点的介词、表示方向的介词、表示时间的介词、其他介词。
表示地点的介词

表示地点的介词

  • 表示地点的介词有“在……前”“在……后”“在……上”“在……旁边”等。

前面和后面(前面：in front of，后面：behind)

  • 介词要放在名词前
    • The bus stop is in front of the book store. 公交车站在书店前面。
    • The door is behind the sofa. 门在沙发后面。

上面和下面(上面：on, over，下面：beneath, under)

  • on和over都表示“在……上”，区别在于on是“紧贴着表面”的“上面”，可以联想sticker。而over是像与表面有一定距离的“上面”
    • An apple is on the desk. 苹果在桌子上。
    • A picture is over the desk. 照片在桌子的上面。
  • beneath与on的意思正相反，表示接触状态的“下面”
    • The ring should be somewhere beneath the snow. 戒指应该在雪下面的某个地方。
  • under与over的意思正相反，表示相离一段距离的“下面”
    • A dog is under the desk. 小狗在桌子下面。

在……(in, at)

  • 表示具体地点的介词是in和at
    • I was born in China. 我出生在中国。
    • I am at my friend’s house. 我在我朋友家。

在……旁边(by, next to, beside)

  • by, next to, beside都表示“在……旁边”的意思，语义上几乎没有区别
    • She is by the tree. 她在树旁边。
    • My house is nextto her house. 我家在她家旁边。
    • A tree is beside the house. 树长在房子旁边。

在……之间(between, among)

  • 两者之间用between，三者及以上用among
    • He was standing between Mary and Jane. 他站在玛丽和简之间。

between you and me VS between you and I

  • between是位于名词前的介词，介词后应该接宾语
    • between you and me，要用人称代词的宾格形式。

in, at, on的区别

  • in可以简单地理解为三维立体空间
    • 要进入某个空间，所以是in 2002, in 1992。
  • at指具体的点
    • I am at the bank. 我在银行。
  • on是表示接触的介词
    • 完全紧贴在一起，无法移动时用to，但如果只是物体表面相接触的状态就用on。
表示方向的介词

表示方向的介词

  • 朝……，向……
    • to后面接动词就是动词不定式，to后面接名词就是介词短语。
    • from...to...(从……到……，表示起点和终点)。
    • for(朝着……，表示目的地)& toward(朝……方向)。
    • along(沿着……)。
    • across(横穿)& through(贯通)。
  • 向里，向外
    • into(进入……中)& out of(从……中出去)。
表示时间的介词

表示时间的介词in, at, on的用法

  • in用于表示比较长的时间，即年、月、季节等
    • In 2002 在2002年。
    • In May 在5月。
    • In summer 在夏天。
  • at用于表示较短的瞬间或时间点
    • at 8 o’clock 在8点。
    • at noon 在中午。
  • on用于表示特定的日期、星期或节目
    • on Sunday 在周日。
    • on Christmas 在圣诞节。
    • on May 1st 在5月1日。

表示时间的介词in, within的区别

  • within表示“在……之内”，in表示“经过……(时间)”
    • He will come back within 10 days. 他10天内会回来。
    • He will come back in 10 days. 他10天后会回来。

表示时间的介词before, after的用法

  • before表示“在……之前”，after表示“在……之后”
    • I washed my hand before dinner. 我在吃饭前洗手。
    • I play basketball after school. 我放学后打篮球。

表示时间的介词until, by的区别

  • until用于表示动作或状态的持续，有“一直到……为止”的意思
    • She waited for you until five o'clock.她等你等到了5点。
    • You must not go until I come back. 直到我回来为止，你不能走。
    • He ran on and on until he was completely tired out.他一直跑到了筋疲力尽。
  • by也表示“到……”的意思，但含有“时间终止”的意思
    • Can you repair my computer by Thursday?这句话的意思是“到星期四为止能修好我的电脑吗？”。
    • I will be here by five o’clock. 5点我会回来。
    • I usually finish work by six o’clock. 我一般6点完成工作。

表示时间的介词for, during的区别

  • for表示“多长时间”的意思，during表示“在某段期间内”的意思
    • I lived in L.A. forfiveyears. 我在洛杉矶生活5年了。
    • We played soccer forfourhours. 我们踢了4个小时足球。
    • We watched TV forthreehours last night. 我们昨晚看了3个小时电视。
  • during后通常接表示时间段的名词
    • during the movie。
    • during the vacation。
    • during the night。
    • during the summer。
    • during the trip。
其他介词

表示拥有的介词 of(……的)

  • the history of China 中国的历史。
  • The door of the car is broken. 那辆车的门坏了。

表示目的、原因的介词for(为了……，因为……)

  • a house for rent 用于出租的房子。
  • I will do my best for you. 我会为你竭尽全力。

表示原因的介词 of, from(因为……)

  • He died of a heart attack. 他因心力衰竭而死。
  • She died from the injuries. 她负伤而死。

表示工具、方法的介词 by, with

  • He cut the apple with a knife. 他用刀削苹果。
  • I go to school by bus. 我乘公交车上学。

with(和……一起)和without(没有……)

  • I had a race with him. 我和他赛跑。
  • He went out without a hat. 他没戴帽子就出去了。

about(关于，大约)

  • We talked about the project. 我们讨论了那个项目。
  • He came about four o’clock. 他大约4点来的。

复合介词

  • in front of(在……前面), because of(因为……), in spite of(尽管……)等
    • Because of your help, I could succeed.
    • Inspite of the difficulties of the moments, I still have a dream.

介词后面用名词，不能用动词、形容词或副词

  • 把动词变成动名词
    • Thank you for inviting me.
    • Thank you for visiting China.

从括号中选择恰当的答案

  • at 2. on 3. in 4. between 5. next，next to表示顺序上位于后面 6. of 7. from，across from(在……对面) 8. along(沿着)，on(在……边) 9. around 10. before 11. until 12. by 13. for 14. during 15. on 16. at 17. in 18. by 19. for 20. During。

填写恰当的介词

  • at, in 2. to, on 3. at 4. in / within 5. by 6. until 7. for 8. during。

选择恰当的介词填空

  • over 2. between 3. behind 4. front。

用相同的介词填空

  • at 2. on。
Part 14 连词

从括号中选择恰当的连词

  • Mary (but / or / and) Jane are sisters.
  • Ann doesn’t like sports, (for / but / or) Tom does.
  • Is this book yours (and / or / so) Mary’s?
  • She told me to go, (or / so / but) I went.
  • I soon went to sleep, (for / and / but) I was tired.
  • She is absent (but / and / because) she has a cold.
  • (Because / If / Though) it is spring, it is still cold.
  • (If / When / Because) he came home, his brother was watching TV.
  • I’ll stay home (if / because / though) it rains tomorrow.
  • I know (what / when / as / that) it is true.

用括号中的连词改写句子

  • Hurry up, and you’ll catch the train. (if)。
  • He has no money, so he can’t buy the book. (because)。
  • I live near the sea, but I’m not a good swimmer. (though)。

掌握连词的概念

  • 连词就是起连接作用的单词
    • I like apples and bananas.中的and就是连词。
    • 如果没有连词and，句子就变得比较啰嗦，如：I like apples. I like bananas.
    • 有连词and就很简洁了，因为连词可以避免重复，让句子更简练。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 连词可以把相同词性的词连在一起
    • 名词和名词：apples and bananas。
    • 形容词和形容词：beautiful and wonderful。
    • 副词和副词：easily and quickly。
    • 动词和动词：relax and sleep。
  • 连词不仅能把单词连在一起，还可以把短语和句子连在一起
    • 连词起连接句子中对等关系的单词、短语和句子的作用。
句子的种类

简单句

  • 简单句就是只有一个主语和一个谓语的句子
    • 例如：I am a student. 我是学生。
    • 例如：I like a banana. 我喜欢香蕉。
    • 例如：A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔。
    • 例如：Custom is a second nature. 习惯是第二天性。
    • 例如：The early bird catches the worm. 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。

并列句

  • 并列句就是有并列连词连接(and, or, but等)两个简单句构成的句子
    • 例如：He is tall and he is smart. 他又高又聪明。
    • 例如：Speech is silver but silence is gold. 雄辩是银，沉默是金。
    • 例如：I will go to Europe this summer or I will take summer classes. 我今年夏天去欧洲或去参加暑期班。

复合句

  • 复合句是由“主句+从句”构成的句子
    • 名词性从句：That you are a doctor is the important thing. 你是医生是件重要的事。
    • 定语从句：This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这是昨天帮我的那个男人。
    • 状语从句：I am sorry that you are not here. 很遗憾您不在这里。

并列复合句

  • 并列复合句是指含有简单句、并列句、复合句的句子
    • 例如：I know (that you are a doctor). 名词性从句。
    • 例如：This is the man (who helped me yesterday). 定语从句。
    • 例如：(As you know), she is very pretty. 状语从句。
并列连词

并列连词的种类

  • and连接两个对等的单词或短语
    • I like pizza and hamburgers.
    • He and she go to the theater.
    • I like studying English and French.
    • I like pizza, hamburgers, apples and bananas.
  • but用于连接与前面相反的内容
    • I like pizza, but she likes hamburgers.
    • I studied, but she went to the party.
  • yet用于前后内容有转折的意思时
    • I’m tired, yet I can’t sleep.
    • He is poor, yet he is satisfied with his life.
  • or表示二者选一的连词
    • Do you like an apple or a banana?
    • I want to drink water or juice.
    • Study hard, or you will regret it.
  • so用于说明前面的事情引起的结果
    • It was so cold, so I didn’t go out.
    • I was sick, so I went home early.
  • nor用于连接否定的内容
    • Not a man, nor a child is to be seen.
    • He nor I plan to attend any social function this year.
    • He can’t see, nor can he hear.
  • for作并列连词时表示“因为……”的意思，用于说明理由
    • I don’t like physics, for it is difficult.
    • I visit the grocery store every day, for there are lots of fresh things.

区分易混淆的连词和介词

  • for和because的区别
    • for是并列连词，但because是引导状语从句的从属连词。
    • 为了表示对等关系，for前一定要加上逗号。但是because前面有无逗号都可以。
    • 因为because是引导状语从句的从属连词，所以可以位于主句的前后。因为副词的位置比较自由。但for是并列连词，所以一定要位于句子和句子之间。
  • because和because of的区别
    • because后接从句，because of后接短语。
    • because of后通常接短语，because后通常接句子。
  • although (=though)和despite的区别
    • although (=though)和despite都是“尽管”的意思，区别在于despite是介词，although是引导从句的连词。所以despite后接名词，although后接从句。
  • despite和in spite of的区别
    • despite和in spite of都是“尽管”的意思，而且都是介词。后面通常都接名词，构成介词短语。
从属连词

从属连词的定义和作用

  • 从属连词让一个句子从属于另外一个句子
    • 例如：因为我爱你，所以我离开你。
  • 连词大致上可以分两种：并列连词和从属连词
    • 并列连词连接两个句子，如“我爱你”和“我离开你”。
    • 从属连词让一个句子从属于另外一个句子，如“因为我爱你，所以我离开你”。

引导名词性从句的从属连词

  • that, whether / if和特殊疑问词都可用作从属连词
    • 例如：It is true that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 例如：I know that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 例如：The important thing is that Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 例如：Whether Shrek married Princess Fiona is important.
    • 例如：I wonder whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 例如：The important thing is whether Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • 例如：Who she is is not important.
    • 例如：I don’t know who she is.
    • 例如：The important thing is who she is.

引导状语从句的从属连词

  • 引导状语从句的副词都是从属连词
    • 例如：When I read a book, I am happy.
    • 例如：Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
    • 例如：Though I was tired, I studied hard last night.
    • 例如：If you turn to the left, you will see the building.
关联连词

关联连词的定义和作用

  • 关联连词是由两个以上单词构成的，一起连接单词、短语、从句的连词。
  • 关联连词必须连接相同性质的单词、短语或从句。

both A and B的用法

  • both A and B用于肯定两者时
    • He is both a novelist and a poet. 他既是小说家，又是诗人。
    • I can both cook and sew. 我既会做饭，又会做针线活儿。
    • This bag is both good and cheap. 这个书包质量又好又便宜。
  • 主语是both A and B时，谓语的选择
    • Both she and I (is / am / are) not wrong. 她和我都没有错。
    • 如果she是主语，谓语是is；如果I是主语，谓语是am；如果she和I是主语，动词是are，应该是哪个呢？答案是are。

either A or B的用法

  • either A or B用于二者选一的情况
    • both A and B是“两者都”的意思，either A or B则是“两者之一”的意思。
  • either A or B作主语时，谓语用什么
    • Either she or I (is / am / are) at fault. 她或我，有一个人是错误的。
    • 如果she是主语，动词是is；如果I是主语，动词是am；如果she和I是主语，动词是are，这里也和both A and B一样用are吗？不是！both A and B是两者都，所以主语是复数，而either A or B是两者之一，主语是单数，所以不能用are。
    • 那么，应该和she一致用is呢，还是和I一致用am呢？答案是am。either A or B的谓语要和距离最近的主语一致。

neither A nor B的用法

  • neither A nor B用于否定两者的情况
    • neither A nor B作主语时，谓语该用什么呢？eitherA orB作主语时，谓语与最近的主语B一致，即B决定谓语。neitherA norB作主语时，谓语也要与最近的主语B一致。
  • neither A nor B作主语时，谓语的选择
    • Neither she nor I don’t have any plan for the weekend. 她和我周末都没有任何计划。
    • Neither I nor they are busy. 我和他们都不忙。
    • Neither man nor mouse does not need air. 人和老鼠都需要空气。

not only A but also B的用法

  • not only A but also B的意思是“不仅A，而且B”
    • not only A but also B要掌握如下两点：①可以省略also(= not only A but B)。②可以用not merely或not simply代替not only。
  • not only A but also B作主语时，谓语要与最近的主语B一致
    • Not only my sister but(also) I am to go abroad. 不仅是我姐姐，我也去国外。
    • Not only I but (also) you are guilty. 不只是我，而且你也有罪。(=Both you and I are guilty.)。
    • He called out notonly to me but(also) to my wife. 他不只对我，而且也对我妻子大喊大叫。(注意前后要连接相同的形态，即to me和to my wife)。
    • 另外还要注意，not only放在句首时，句子要倒装。

A as well as B的用法

  • A as well as B的意思是“不仅B，而且A”。
  • A as well as B作主语时也要注意谓语
    • I as well as my sister (am / is / are) to go abroad. 与both A and B一样，主语是复数所以用are吗？还是与either A or B一样，与B一致用is呢？答案是am。
    • A as well as B中，后面的as well as B是为强调A而做的附加说明。所以A aswell as B中，谓语要与A一致。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 从括号中选出正确的答案
    • 1. Who is taller, you (or / and) Jane?
    • 2. Come (and / but / so) see me.
    • 3. Work hard, (and / or) you will win the prize.
    • 4. Look out, (and / or) you will get hurt.
    • 5. Either Bill (and / or / but) Jack must do the work.
    • 6. I am sure (if / that / for) he can solve the problem.
    • 7. He is not only a statesman (and / but) a scholar.
    • 8. Either you (or / and) he is wrong.
    • 9. He asked me (that / if) I would accept the invitation.
    • 10.Either she or I (am / is / are) at fault.
    • 11. I as well as you (am / is / are) at fault.
    • 12.Both you and I (am / is / are) at fault.
    • 13. Neither I nor you (am / is / are) at fault.
  • 填写恰当的连词
    • 1. Both he his sister play the piano.
    • 2. I want to visit either New York London.
    • 3. Ann is not only beautiful kind.
    • 4. Get up early, you will miss the first bus.
    • 5. Choose a good Barbie, you will be happy.
    • 6. he is poor, he is happy.
    • 7. Go buy some juice.
    • 8. He must be at home, his car is in the yard.
    • 9. Open your eyes now, you will see the cloud.
    • 10. He helped his mother, he was busy.
    • 11. Do you like bread butter?
    • 12. I like not only you him.
    • 13. I don’t know she is a teacher.
    • 14. I wonder he will go shopping.
  • 选择恰当的答案填空
    • 1.He asked me __________ she was sick.
    • 2.He was ill, __________ he couldn’t come。
    • 3.Run faster, or you’ll be caught.
  • 根据所给句子的意思填空
    • Tom is busy. Helen is busy, too.
    • Not only Jim but also Bob must go.
    • He is older than you. It is not true.
  • 找出画线部分的错误，并改正
    • Professor Kim was having difficulties controlling the students because of they were teenagers.
    • Not only the American government also the American people are trying to protect the bald eagle.
Part 15 特殊疑问句

找出下列句子的主语

  • What does he play? 的句子主语是 he。
  • Who plays the piano? 的句子主语是 Who。

选择恰当的答案填空

  • A: Excuse me, _________ is the nearest bookshop? B: Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. ① how ② what ③ where ④ who
    • 答案为 ③ where。
  • They went to the cinema every week when they were at school. ① How long ② How soon ③ How often ④ How old
    • 答案为 ③ How often。
  • A: __________ shall we meet in the park? B: What about half past eight? ① What ② When ③ Where ④ Which
    • 答案为 ② When。

掌握含有疑问词的疑问句的概念

  • 英语的所有句子中都有一个主语和一个谓语
    • 简单句中当然只有一个主语和一个谓语。
    • 并列句中虽然有两个主语和两个谓语，但实际是由并列连词连接的两个句子，所以还相当于是只有一个主语和一个谓语。
    • 复合句是由“主句+从句”构成的句子。从句有名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。
    • 并列复合句(含从句的句子)中，从句的主语和谓语从属于主句，所以不能看实际的主语和谓语。
  • 在祈使句或大家都知道的情况下，可以省略主语，但不能省略谓语
    • 作谓语的动词可以分为两大类，be动词和实义动词。

由be动词构成的句子

  • be动词构成的句子多为第二类句型，结构为“主语+谓语+表语”
    • 例如：I am a doctor.

由实义动词构成的句子

  • 句子的长短不是决定句子类型的关键，动词才是决定句子的关键
    • 例如：I love you.

一般疑问句和特殊疑问句

  • 一般疑问句有以下两种：含be动词的疑问句，be动词放在句首；含实义动词的疑问句，用助动词do / does / did
    • 例如：Am I a doctor? Do you love me?
  • 特殊疑问句用于指出并询问某种特定的事物或情况，特殊疑问词疑问句比一般疑问句或实义动词疑问句问得更加具体
    • 英语中的特殊疑问词主要有who, what，when, where, what, why, how。
    • 例如：Who is he? Where do you live?
特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句的构成和用法

  • 特殊疑问句由疑问词和一般疑问句构成
    • 疑问词有Who, What, Which, When, Where, Why, How等。
    • 一般疑问句是将助动词提前，例如Do you like apples?
  • 特殊疑问句的语序与一般疑问句相同。

Who的用法

  • Who用于询问人
    • Who is the girl in red?

What的用法

  • What用于询问人和事物、事件等
    • What color is this?
    • What time is it now?
    • What number did you call?
  • What表示“什么的，什么样的”意思时，起修饰名词的形容词作用
    • What color are you wearing?

Which的用法

  • Which用于询问从多个中选择哪个
    • Which book did you read?
    • Which sport do you like?
    • Which color do you want?
  • Which也和what一样，表示“哪个”时，起修饰名词的形容词作用
    • Which one do you want?

When的用法

  • When表示“什么时候”的意思，用于询问时间
    • When did you meet her?

Where的用法

  • Where表示“哪里”的意思，用于询问具体的地点
    • Where is the post office?

Why的用法

  • Why表示“为什么”的意思，用于询问原因
    • Why were you so late?
    • Why are you angry with me?
  • 回答时要用表示“因为”的because
    • Because I had a meeting.

How的用法

  • How表示“怎么样，多么”的意思，用于询问具体的状态和方法
    • How did you come here?
    • How are you?
  • how有时也用于表示问候
    • How are your parents?
    • How is your business?
  • how还有“多么，多少”的意思，所以也可以用于询问在程度方面的事情
    • How many books do you have?
    • How much money do you have?
    • How old are you?
    • How tall are you?
    • How fast is this train?
    • How long is your pencil?
  • how与副词一起用
    • How often do you meet her?
特殊疑问词

疑问代词

  • 疑问代词同时起疑问词作用和代词作用
    • 疑问代词who作主语，同时也是代替人的代词。
    • 疑问代词what / which同时起特殊疑问词和代词的作用。
  • 疑问代词分为人物疑问代词who、事物疑问代词what和which两种
    • 人物疑问代词Who knows you?
    • 事物疑问代词What is on the desk?(什么) Which is yours?(哪个)。
  • 疑问代词who也分为主格(who)、所有格(whose)和宾格代词(whom)
    • 人称代词分为主格(I, he)、形容词性物主代词(my, his)、宾格(me, him)、名词性物主代词(mine, his)等，疑问代词也分为主格、宾格、所有格的who, whom,whose。

疑问形容词

  • 疑问词which(哪个)和what(什么)，既起特殊疑问词的作用，同时也起修饰名词的形容词作用
    • Which book did you read? 你读了哪本书？
    • Which sport do you like? 你喜欢什么运动？
    • Which color do you want? 你想要哪种颜色？

疑问副词

  • 副词表示地点、时间、理由、方法等。疑问词(where, when, why, how)起副词作用时，称为疑问副词
    • Where do you live? 你住在哪里？
    • When did you do that? 你什么时候做的？
    • Why do you like it? 你为什么喜欢它？
    • How did you do that? 你是怎么做的？

通过解题治疗语法1

  • 判断下列句子是否正确
    • What is the most popular book? 最流行的书是什么？
    • What book is the most popular book? 什么书是最流行的书呢？

通过解题治疗语法2

  • A. 根据汉语意思，用所给单词组成句子
    • 谁喜欢那只狗？(the, likes, dog, who)。
    • 那个女孩是谁？(is, that, who, girl)。
  • B. 根据所给句子填空，使两个句子意思相同
    • Whose desk is that?
    • Whose is _________ _________?
  • C. 填空完成对话
    • A:__________is this umbrella? B: It’s mine。
    • A:__________are those boys? B: They are my brothers.
  • D. 根据回答，用who和whose完成疑问句
    • A:__________? B: It is my sister’s book.
    • A:__________? B: Mina is my niece.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 将画线部分改成疑问词，并把句子变成疑问句
    • 约翰喜欢谁。(应该用宾格疑问代词)→ Who(m) does John like?
    • 谁喜欢约翰。(应该用主格疑问代词)→ Who likes John?
    • 那是雪莉的手表。(应该用表示“谁的”的所有格疑问代词)→ Whose watch is that?
    • 他们是史密斯夫妇。(应该用主格疑问代词)→ Who are they?
  • 选择恰当的单词填空，完成对话
    • 回答是“她很好。”所以应该是询问状态如何，答案是How。
    • 回答是“他是老师。”所以应该是询问做什么工作的，答案是What。
    • 问什么时候去，所以答案是When。
    • (采纳了谁的创意？)所以答案是所有格whose。
    • (你最喜欢哪件衬衫？)所以答案是which。
  • 选择恰当的单词填空
    • (你有多喜欢那部电影？)询问程度，所以答案是How much。
    • (你想要哪个？红色的还是蓝色的？)从两个中选一个，所以答案是which。
    • (美国的人口数是多少？)句子是询问“多少”，所以好像要用how much，但询问人口数要用What。
    • (你在和谁说话？)要用宾格，所以答案是whom，前面有介词时不能用who。
    • (他被谁的狗咬了？)答案是whose。
    • 询问距离，所以答案是how。
  • 选择恰当的内容填空
    • 这些照片展现了我家乡是什么样的。所以答案是2。
Part 16 that用法汇总

诊断你的语法水平

  • 指示形容词，引导定语从句的that
    • That boy is the student that I told you yesterday.
  • 表示同位语的that
    • I heard the rumor that he was dead.
  • 引导名词性从句的that，引导定语从句的that
    • He said that he almost died in the car accident that happened last week.
  • 引导状语从句的that
    • He was so shocked that he could not move.
  • 表示强调的that
    • It was because of his seat belt that he could survive in the accident.

掌握句子中that的概念

  • 句子中的that大致有六种用法
    • 表示指示的that。
    • 引导名词性从句的that。
    • 引导定语从句的that。
    • 引导状语从句的that。
    • 表示强调的that。
    • 表示同位语的that。
表示指示的that

指示代词that

  • that表示“这个，那个”的意思，指代近处的事物时用this(这个，单数)/ these(这些，复数)，指代远处的事物时用that(那个，单数)/ those(那些，复数)。
  • that也可以指代前面出现的名词或整个句子
    • The weather of Britain is better than that of Japan. (that = the weather)。
    • To be or not to be; that is the question. (that = to be or not to be)。

指示形容词that

  • 指示形容词是指代特定的内容，并起修饰名词的作用。

指示副词that

  • 指示副词同时起指示的作用和修饰形副动句的作用
    • that作指示副词主要修饰表示数或量的程度的形容词或副词，表示“那样，那么”的意思。
  • 记住，that作指示副词时，要翻译成“那样，那么”
    • The fish was not that big.
    • Were you that hungry?
    • Don’t eat that much.
    • I can’t go that far.
引导名词性从句的that

that引导名词性从句的用法

  • that在完整的句子前加上，可以使其变成了名词，作主宾补(表)
    • 主语That she is a teacher is true.
    • 宾语I know that she is a teacher.
    • 表语The problem is that she is a teacher.
  • 主语太长，句子就会头重脚轻，这时可以用形式主语it，然后把that引导的真正主语放到后面
    • It is true (that) Shrek married Princess Fiona.
    • It is true (that) she is a teacher.

that引导的名词性从句作主语时的省略情况

  • that引导的真正主语放在了句末，that可以省略
    • That he is innocent is certain.
    • That he is a genius is unbelievable.

that引导的名词性从句作宾语时的省略情况

  • 名词性从句作宾语时that可以省略
    • He says (that) he cannot come to see me today.
    • We think (that) he was the leader.

that引导的名词性从句作表语时的省略情况

  • 名词性从句作表语时that可以省略
    • The fact is (that) he said so.
    • The difficulty is (that) they don’t cooperate with us.
引导定语从句的that

引导定语从句的that

  • that是关系代词，同时起连词和代词的作用
    • 关系代词that可用于指代人、事物、动物，但是不能用于所有格。
  • 必须要准确区分that引导的是名词性从句还是定语从句
    • 定语从句前面要有先行词。
    • that引导的是完整的句子则是名词性从句，句子不完整则是定语从句。
引导状语从句的that

引导状语从句的that

  • that引导的状语从句表示原因、目的、判断依据、结果等
    • 表示原因的状语从句：I am sorry that you feel that way. 我很抱歉你有那样的感觉。
    • 表示目的的状语从句：I am glad that he came back. 他回来了，我很高兴。
    • 表示情感上的原因的状语从句：I am sorry that you feel that way. 我很抱歉你有那样的感觉。
    • 表示判断的依据的状语从句：He must be mad that he should do such a thing. 他一定是疯了，才做出那样的事。
    • 表示结果的状语从句：He saved money little by little, so that he could build a new house. 他存了点儿钱，所以可以建新房子。

通过解题治疗语法1

  • 遇到长句子，首先找出主语和谓语，然后用括号画出从句
    • The computer program (that the workers in the office are using) is very outmoded (that they have a great deal of difficulty dealing with their job).

治疗你的语法水平

  • (that the workers in the office are using)是修饰先行词The computer program的定语从句
    • that代替的是宾语it。
  • (that they have a great deal of difficulty dealing with their job.)不是定语从句，而是名词性从句或状语从句
    • 如果是名词性从句，句子就应该是“他们(职员们)工作时遇到很多困难的”，这样整个句子的意思就很奇怪。
    • “电脑程序太陈旧了，所以他们(职员们)工作时遇到很多困难。”翻译成表示结果的状语从句比较自然。所以that引导的是表示结果的状语从句。
  • 翻译 她工作太努力了，以至于生病了。
  • 翻译 那本书太好了，以至于我对它爱不释手。
  • 翻译 那些新鞋非常成功，因此公司正在考虑让它们的产量翻番。

通过解题治疗语法2

  • 根据所给句子的意思填空
    • She worked very hard. So she made herself ill.
    • The book was very good. So I couldn’t put it down.

通过解题治疗语法3

  • 选择恰当的答案填空
    • The new shoes have been ________ a success that the company is contemplating on doubling their production.

通过解题治疗语法4

  • 选出与所给句子中that用法相同的一项
    • This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
    • I think that she will come.
    • Is that a cat or a tiger?
    • This rock is so heavy that we can’t move it.
    • The fact is that he is not brave.
    • The pen that she wants is very expensive.
表示强调的that

表示强调的that的基本句型

  • It be...that...只起强调的作用，所以去掉It be...that...之后依然是完整的句子。

强调句的用法

  • 如果想强调句子中的特定部分，可以使用表示强调的that
    • 例如：I met Nancy in the park yesterday. 我昨天在公园遇到了南茜。
    • 强调主语：I met Nancy in the park yesterday. → It was I that met Nancy in the park yesterday.
    • 强调宾语：I met Nancy in the park yesterday. → It was Nancy that I met in the park yesterday.
    • 强调地点状语：I met Nancy in the park yesterday. → It was in the park that I met Nancy yesterday.
    • 强调时间状语：I met Nancy in the park yesterday. → It was yesterday that I met Nancy in the park.

名词性从句中的形式主语it和含有that的强调句中的it的区别

  • 名词性从句中的形式主语it去掉之后句子不成立，而强调句中的it去掉之后句子依然成立
    • 例如：It is you that are to blame. → You are to blame. (√)。
    • 例如：Itis true that we were a little late. → True we were a little late. (×)。
表示同位语的that

表示同位语的that

  • 先行词和that后的内容是相同的，that就表示同位语
    • 例如：He doesn’t know the fact that I’m a doctor.

通过解题治疗语法5

  • 遇到长句子要先用括号画出从句
    • 例如：The watch (that you gave me) keeps perfect time.
    • 例如：The people (that I spoke to) were very helpful.
    • 例如：She said (that the story was true).
    • 例如：It’s possible (that he has not received the letter).
    • 例如：The fact (that he’s older than me) is not relevant.
    • 例如：She was so tired that she couldn’t think straight.
    • 例如：(That swimming is excellent exercise for people of all ages) is true.
    • 例如：Tom’s problem is (that he wastes time on unnecessary things).
    • 例如：People think (that blood type has an effect on personality).
    • 例如：You should remember the fact (that) everybody has his or her own good points.
    • 例如：It was Kevin that won the first prize in the English song contest last year.
    • 例如：Kevin was happy (that) he got the first prize in the English song contest.

治疗你的语法水平

  • 画括号要从that开始，如果省略了that就要从I开始，在谓语were前结束
    • 例如：The people (that I spoke to) were very helpful.
  • 主句的结构是“主语+谓语+宾语”，只有名词可以做宾语，所以句中的that是引导名词性从句的连词
    • 例如：She said (that the story was true).
  • 这是形式主语it，that引导的名词性从句作主语
    • 例如：It’s possible (that he has not received the letter).
  • 有先行词，that后的句子是完整的，所以是表示同位语的that
    • 例如：The fact (that he’s older than me) is not relevant.
  • 翻译 她太累了，没法清醒地思考问题
    • that前是形容词，首先应该想到引导状语从句的that，是使用so...that...的状语从句，表示结果。
  • 翻译 游泳对所有年龄段的人来说都是很好的运动，这是事实
    • (That swimming is excellent exercise for people of all ages) is true. 主语太长，所以用了形式主语it，that引导的名词性从句作主语。
  • 翻译 汤姆的问题是他把时间浪费在了没用的地方
    • Tom’s problem is (that he wastes time on unnecessary things).
    • that引导名词性从句，作表语。
  • 翻译 人们认为血型影响性格
    • that引导名词性从句作宾语。
  • 翻译 你应该记住所有人都有优点的事实
    • the fact=everybody has his or her own good points，是表示同位语的that。
  • 翻译 去年英语歌曲比赛中获得一等奖的正是凯文
    • 表示强调，It was...that...句型。强调的内容是凯文。
  • 翻译 凯文在英语歌曲大赛中获得了一等奖，非常高兴
    • that后的句子说明了凯文高兴的原因，所以that引导的是表示情感原因的状语从句。

通过解题治疗语法6

  • That boy is the student that I told you yesterday
    • 指示形容词(那个)引导定语从句的that(宾格关系代词)。
    • 前面的that是表示指示的that，修饰名词boy，所以是指示形容词。后面的that引导的定语从句修饰先行词the student，是宾格关系代词。
  • I heard the rumor that he was dead
    • 没有先行词，that后是完整的句子，所以是引导名词性从句的that，名词性从句作宾语。
  • He said that he almost died in the car accident that happened last week
    • 前面是引导名词性从句的that，名词性从句作宾语。
    • 后面是引导定语从句的that，是主格关系代词，定语从句修饰先行词the car accident。
  • He was so shocked that he could not move
    • 前面有so，所以that引导的是表示结果的状语从句。
    • 这是It be...that...句型。因为省略It be...that...后句子依然成立，所以是表示强调的that。

提高语法水平的处方

  • 说出画线that的用法
    • The population of Seoul is larger than that of Busan.
    • He announced that he would run for the re-election.
    • The news that she had failed was a great shock.
    • It makes a special honey mixture that the ants eat.
    • The person that I respect most is my English teacher.
    • That was my mistake.
    • I feel that I should have done it.
    • The problem is that we have become insensitive to verbal.
    • If there is anything that you want to add, please speak up.
    • He was so impressed that he shouted.
    • I know the fact that I can’t go to college.
    • The rumor that they would get married turned out false.
    • This is the school that he once studied.
    • The news came that she had become a lawyer.
    • I suggested her that she go to college.
    • The fact that a few people keep unsuitable animals doesn’t mean keeping pets should be banned.
  • 写出下列画线that的用法
    • The Egyptians believed ① that there was an afterlife.
    • The Egyptians also believed ② that the pharaohs were living with gods.
    • Although there is clear evidence ③ that the pyramids were built as tombs,some people have claimed ④ that the pyramids were used to watch the moon and stars.
    • Others have even claimed ⑤ that the pyramids were built by aliens.
  • 选出画线的that用法不同的一项
    • ① I forget the name that he gave me.
    • ② The best thing that I’ve learned this year is patience.
    • ③ This year I learned that teamwork is the most important of all.
    • ④ Volunteer work is not something that you must do.
    • ⑤ This is the kind of cake that I ate one day.
  • 选出与所给例句中that用法相同的一项
    • 1.The earthquakes that the scientists can predict may happen only in some places.
    • 2.The answer surely was “no.”。
    • 3.Look at the pianist and his piano that is over there.
    • 4.I found that girls study better than boys in his school.
    • 5.His problem is that he is too lazy.
Part 17 比较级

诊断你的语法水平

  • 通过练习题，诊断你的语法水平
    • 练习题1：This book is as interesting (as / than) that book.
    • 练习题2：He is as (tall / taller / the tallest) as you.
    • 练习题3：Florida is (as not / not as) cold as Michigan.
    • 练习题4：America is (big / bigger) than Korea.
    • 练习题5：She is (beautifuler / more beautiful) than you.
    • 练习题6：Math is (very / much) more difficult than English.
    • 练习题7：Whales are (bigger / the biggest) animals in the world.
    • 练习题8：New York is the largest city (in / of) the United States.
    • 练习题9：Cheetahs run (the fastest / fastest) (in / of) all the animals.
    • 练习题10：Jack is taller than (any other boy / any other boys) in the class.

掌握比较级的概念

  • 形容词和副词可以进行比较，形成比较级和最高级
    • 高的 → 更高的 → 最高的。
    • 帅的 → 更帅的 → 最帅的。
    • 漂亮的 → 更漂亮的 → 最漂亮的。
    • 快地 → 更快地 → 最快地。
    • 晚地 → 更晚地 → 最晚地。
    • 简单地 → 更简单地 → 最简单地。

治疗你的语法水平

  • “更……”表示在某个群体中比较时占有优势，被称为比较级；“最……”表示在某个群体中某方面最突出时，被称为最高级
    • 只能比较形容词和副词，所以比较级和最高级都只适用于形容词和副词。
比较级和最高级的构成

规则变化的形容词或副词的比较级和最高级

  • 大部分形容词或副词的比较级和最高级都遵循加-er或-est的原则
    • 以-e结尾的单音节和少数双音节、形容词或副词，直接加-r或-st。
    • 单音节形容词或副词的原形以“单元音+单辅音”结尾时，双写最后一个辅音，再加-er或-est。
    • 以“辅音+ y”结尾的形容词或副词，把y变成i，再加-er或-est。
    • 双音节以上的形容词或副词的比较级和最高级分别用more和most。
  • 以-y结尾的双音节单词，如happy，要用-er和-est
    • 即使是双音节单词，如果是以-y结尾，也不能用more和most，要用-er和-est。

不规则变化的形容词或副词的比较级和最高级

  • 记住以下几个不规则变化的单词就可以了
    • good/well - better/best。
    • bad/ill - worse/worst。
    • many/much - more/most。
    • little - less - least。
    • far - farther/further - farthest/furthest。
比较级

比较级的结构

  • 比较级的结构是“比较级＋than”
    • 英语中用than表示比较。
  • 大部分比较级的结构都是“A比较级 than B”，意思“A比B更……”。
  • than后面原本也可以加包含主语和谓语的从句，但英语一般会倾向更简洁的表达，所以，than后面的内容中与前面重复的部分要省略
    • 口语中可以在than后用宾格，但语法上是错误的。
  • 不规则变化且拼写相似的比较级，如：older / elder, later / latter, farther / further，意思不同，比较级和最高级的形态也不同
    • old- older- oldest 新的和旧的(东西)，朋友间的年龄。
    • old- elder- eldest 兄弟，亲戚间的年龄。
    • late- later - latest 更晚，最晚，用于时间。
    • late- latter- last 以后，最后，用于顺序。
    • far - farther- farthest 更远，最远，用于距离。
    • far - further- furthest 更深，最深，用于程度。

比较级中的that & those

  • 指示代词that(那个)在含有比较级的句子中指代前面出现过的内容，前面是单数就用that，是复数就用those
    • The population of China is larger than that of USA.
    • The birth rate in 2010 was lower than that of in 1960.
    • The shoes made in China are cheaper than those made in Korea.
    • The climate of Korea is milder than that of Canada.

比较级的一致

  • 比较的目的在于，表达相同的形态、相同的外观、相同的情况下哪个“更……”。所以比较的对象必须一致
    • The nights are longer in winter than summer. (×)。
    • The nights are longer in winter than insummer. (√)。
    • My method for studying English differs from you. (×)。
    • My method for studying English differs from yourmethod / yours. (√)。

比较级的强调

  • 强调比较级时要用much, still, far, even, a lot +比较级
    • I feel much / still / far / even / a lot better.
    • Ted runs a lot faster than his brother.
    • That’s still better.
    • She speaks Japanese far better than I / me.
    • This flower is even prettier than that.
  • 注意，very不能用于强调比较级
    • I feel much better. (√) 我感觉好多了。
    • = I feel far better. (√) → 在这里far不是“远”的意思。
    • = I feel even better. (√) → 在这里even不是“依然”的意思。
    • = I feel a lot better. (√) → 在这里a lot不是“很多”的意思。
    • = feel still better. (√) → 在这里still不是“尚且”的意思。
    • ≠ feel very better. (×) → 不能用very强调比较级。

在比较级前加the的三种情况

  • 用于表示“两个中更……的”时
    • This is theheavier of these two bags.
    • This computer is thebetter of the two.
  • 比较对象很多时
    • the greater part of … 大部分的……。
    • the latter part of … ……的后半部分。
    • the younger generation 年轻的一代。
    • the upper class 上流阶层。
  • 习惯用语中的“the +比较级”
    • the+比较级，the+比较级(越……越……)。
    • (all) the + 比较级。
最高级

最高级的结构

  • 两者之间比较时用比较级，三者以上比较时用最高级
    • “最……”是指唯一的一个，所以要用定冠词the，the + 最高级。
  • 最高级必须用于三者以上比较时，是“在某个群体中最……”
    • 最高级后一般有表示所在群体的in或of。
    • 介词in表示“在”的意思，所以in后要接表示地点或团体的名词。
    • 介词of表示“……的”的意思，所以后面要接表示人(动物)成员的名词。

通过解题治疗语法6

  • 从括号中选择恰当的答案
    • He is (younger / the younger) of the two boys.
    • Mary is the (tall / taller / tallest) of all.
    • Which is (difficulter / more difficult / most difficult), English or German?
    • The book is (very / so / more) interesting than that one.
  • 改正下列句子中画线的部分
    • Andy speaks French more well than Carl.
    • Who was the baddest actress this year?
    • That building is elder than this one.
    • The more late we leave, the more late we will arrive there.
    • I like French vanilla the much of all.
    • I admire her much than you do.
  • 选择恰当的答案填空
    • He is _________ boy in the class. 他是全年级最聪明的男孩。

治疗你的语法水平

  • 比较级表示“两者中更……”时，要在比较级前加the
    • 所以答案是the younger。
  • 应该是最高级tallest，因为是人物成员，所以用of
    • 所以答案是tallest。
  • 双音节以上单词的比较级，所以答案是more difficult。
  • 比较级more
    • 所以答案是more。

最高级中不加the的情况

  • 范围不确定时不加the
    • Jane is themost beautiful girl in our class. (√)。
    • Jane is themost beautiful girl. (×) → 没有比较的对象，所以是错误的句子。
    • Jane is a most beautiful girl. (√) 简是非常漂亮的女孩。
  • 所有格前不加the
    • He is her the youngest child. (×) →所有格和定冠词重复。
    • He is heryoungest child. (√) →省略定冠词the。
    • Jane is mythemost beautiful friend. (×)。
    • Jane is mymost beautiful friend. (√)。
  • 在同一对象中比较不加the
    • This lake is the deepest (lake) in the world. (√) 这是世界上最深的湖。
    • This lake is the deepest at the point. (×) 这个湖此处最深。
    • This lake is deepest at the point. (√) →是湖的内部比较，所以不加the。
  • 副词的最高级前不加the
    • You are theyoungest here. (√)。
    • Tom is the oldest (boy) of them. 汤姆是他们中年龄最大的。
    • Bill is the smartest (student) in his class. 比尔是他们班最聪明的。
    • Winter is thecoldest(season) of the four seasons. 冬天是四季中最冷的。
    • I get up earliest. (√)。
    • Those who mount highest can see farthest. 爬得最高，可以看得最远。

从比较级变为最高级

  • 最高级一般用-est或most，但也可以用比较级、原级、否定句来表达与最高级相同的意思
    • “我最高。”是最高级，这个句子也可以变成比较级“我比任何人都高。”。
    • 还可以变成否定句“没人比我高。”。

用四种不同的句型表达“密西西比河是美国最长的河”

  • 用最高级
    • The Mississippi is thelongest river in America.
  • 用否定词+原级
    • No(other) river in America is aslongas the Mississippi.
  • 用否定词+比较级
    • No(other) river in America is longerthan the Mississippi.
  • 用比较级
    • The Mississippi is longerthananyother river in America.
    • The Mississippi is longerthanalltheother rivers in America.
原级

原级比较的结构

  • 原级比较用“as...as...”意思是“和……一样，像……一样”
    • as和as之间也要用形容词或副词。
  • 在as和as之间加上形容词或副词的原级，就是原级比较
    • as和as之间不能加动词或名词。
  • 日常生活中as A as B常用来表达比喻
    • as soon as possible 尽可能快地。
    • as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙，非常忙的。
    • as cunning as a fox 像狐狸一样狡猾，非常狡猾的。
    • as brave as a lion像狮子一样勇敢，非常勇敢的。
    • as white as snow像雪一样白，非常白的。
    • as sweet as honey 像蜂蜜一样甜的，非常甜的。

通过解题治疗语法9

  • 从括号中选择恰当的单词
    • Ann is as (nice / nicer) as Mike.
    • I can type as (fast / faster) as Sam.
  • 修改下列句子中画线的部分
    • Jane sings as better as Tom.
    • He threw the ball as far as he can.

治疗你的语法水平

  • as和as之间要用形容词或副词的原级
    • nice　2. fast。
  • 在原级前加上not，就变成了“不像……一样”的意思
    • This is not as long as that.
    • Jack is not as smart as Nick.
  • 记住，在原级前加上not就变成了比较级的意思
    • This is not as long as that. = That is longer than this.
    • Jack is not as smart as Nick. = Nick is smarter than Jack.

the same & the same as

  • 在表示“相同”的same前加上定冠词the就变成了“完全一样”的意思
    • The suitcases are all thesame size.
    • Love is being tuned into thesame wavelength.
  • the same后加上as，就表示“和……一样”
    • The rest is thesameas above.
    • My conclusion is thesameas yours / your conclusion.
    • The profits in 2010 were thesameas those in 2009.
  • the same as后也可以接从句
    • You look thesameas you did 10 years ago.
    • I think thesameas you do about this.
    • I bought thesame computer as you did / bought.
    • This is thesame watch as I lost.

比较数值时使用的...times + as +形容词+ as

  • 在as...as前加上times，就表示“……的几倍”的意思
    • This box is fourtimesas big as that one.
    • European unemployment rates are twoorthreetimesas high as those in the US.
  • 表示两倍时可以用two times，也可以用twice
    • This river is twotimesas long as that river.
    • This river is twiceas long as that river.

提高语法水平的处方

  • 找出错误并改正
    • New York is the larger of all American cities.
    • We update our homepage everyday with the latter news.
    • He knows much than you.
    • Old wines are more good than new ones.
    • Linda was very taller than I.
    • Jane is two years old than Mary.
    • The book became more interesting and more interesting.
    • She is the taller girl in her class.
    • You look very better.
    • The United States is releasing far more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as any other country in the world.
  • 用所给单词的恰当形式填空
    • I got up __________ than my brother this morning. (early)。
    • David can speak English __________ than Bob. (well)。
    • What is__________ way to get there? (fast)。
    • I’ll pay my __________ attention to them. (close)。
    • That was a_________ enjoyable experience. (much)。

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